The Avondale School and Adventist Educational Goals, 1894-1900

Problem. The Avondale school in its initial era is regarded by some Seventh-day Adventists as the denomination\u27s model school. At the time when the pioneers were establishing the school they spoke and wrote about their educational goals and methods in a variety of contexts. Since that time the denomination has published many of the statements on goals and methods and has continued to regard these as normative guidelines for the entire Seventh-day Adventist educational system. However, in their published form the educational goal statements retain little of their historical context. This fact leads to perplexities when attempts are made to analyze the development and true nature of the educational goals. Furthermore, the relevance of the statements for a modern milieu are difficult to ascertain. The purpose of this study was to trace the history of the Avondale school (1894-1900) and thus provide a gestalt for an analysis of the fundamental educational goals enunciated by the pioneers. Method. This study utilized the historical research method. The problem was approached by reading the letters, diaries, manuscripts, and periodical articles of individuals closely associated with the establishment of the Avondale school. Minutes of various committees were also examined. During the reading of these documents the historical, topical, and biographical details were noted and assessed for reliability. The most relevant and reliable details were selected and incorporated into the narrative. At times, less reliable material was discussed in the course of evaluating the historical evidence. Subsequently, an analysis of Avondale\u27s educational goals was made with the historical context in mind. Conclusions. The conclusions reached in this study are as follows: 1. Leading Seventh-day Adventist schools at the time, in addition to the St. Kilda school in Melbourne, were considered by key pioneers such as S. N. Haskell and E. G. White to be unsatisfactory. Therefore, the Avondale school was established because of real needs both in the Australasian constituency and throughout the entire denomination. 2. The pioneers regarded the establishment of the Avondale school as an opportunity to treat its development as an experiment in order to improve and vindicate their educational ideas. 3. There were two basic goals associated with the Avondale school: the institution was established primarily for the conversion and character development of youth, and it was also regarded as a place where denominational workers could be suitably trained. 4. The individuals who oriented the direction of campus activities used deliberate methods to achieve the goals of the school. These methods included a rural location, Bible study and its integration into all subjects, local missionary activities, manual labor balanced with mental work, and a ban on time-consuming games for those training as denominational workers. 5. By 1900, after a few years of successful experimentation, pioneers such as E. G. White and W. C. White advocated that the Avondale school be regarded as the model school for the entire denomination. 6. The nature of Avondale\u27s goals imply their increasing relevance for today. The rationale originally given for the methods used at Avondale imply their validity for determining methods for use in modern Seventh-day Adventist schools

Notions of work and unemployment in the socialist press in the late nineteenth century

El artículo analiza el modo en que desde el socialismo de finales del siglo XIX se fue conceptualizando al desocupado como categoría y grupo social y el lugar que se le otorgaba en el naciente movimiento obrero. En ese proceso, a su vez, se iba delineado una determinada idea acerca de lo que se esperaba del "trabajo". Para ello, analizaremos dos publicaciones de la época: El Obrero (1890-1892) y la primera etapa de La Vaguardia (1894-1900).The article analyzes the way in which the socialism of the late nineteenth century conceptualized the unemployment as a category and social group, and the way in which, in contrast, a certain idea about how work should it be. To do this, we analyze two publications: El Obrero (1890-1892) and La Vanguardia (1894-1900).Fil: Dimarco, Sabina Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento. Instituto de Ciencias; Argentin

Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection

Documenting the layout of 390 Missouri cities from 1883 to 1951, the 1283 maps in the collection are an invaluable research tool for urban historians, architectural historians, environmentalists, genealogists and preservationists. Commercially prepared microfilm of maps for 55 Missouri cities dating from 1941-1992 supplement the collection. The large scale (1:600) offers detailed information on the use made of commercial and industrial buildings, their size, shape and construction material. Some residential areas are also mapped. The maps show the location of water mains, fire alarms and fire hydrants. They are color-coded to identify the structure (adobe, frame, brick, stone, iron) of each building

Early-Morning and Late-Night Maximal Runs: Metabolic and Perceived Exertion Outcomes

People may exercise at the ends of their day to fit activity into their schedule; the purpose of this investigation was to determine if metabolic or perceived exertion outcomes differed between maximal runs early in the morning and late at night. After consuming a standardized, glucose drink, thirteen recreationally active individuals completed an early-morning and a late-night run on the treadmill while researchers measured metabolic (aerobic capacity and substrate usage) and perceived exertion outcomes. Point of application #1: Aerobic capacity (maximal consumption of oxygen) and the usage of fat as a fuel to support energy production during exercise were similar between runs. Point of application #2: Maximal perceived exertion (Borg’s 6-20) was similar during early-morning and late-night runs. Point of application #3: While research indicates that people may prefer activity in the morning or evening, and this might impact metabolic responses to the exercise bout, most of our participants (n=8) identified with no preference for exercising in the early-morning or late-night. Key Words: glucose; CHO shake; VO2max; fat oxidation; effor

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA encoding the human acrosin-trypsin inhibitor (HUSI-II)

A complete cDNA clone encoding the human acrosin-trypsin inhibitor HUSI-II has been isolated from a cDNA library of human testis and completely sequenced. The cDNA of 594 bp contained an open reading frame of 252 base pairs, The deduced amino acid sequence comprised the complete amino acid sequence of HUSI-II[1] and a putative signal peptide. Northern blotting analysis revealed that HUSI-II is synthesized in testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle, but not in the prostate gland

U.S. historical experience with deflation

The severe contractions and deflationary episodes that followed 19th century U.S. banking crises have shaped the U.S. perception of deflation.Deflation (Finance)

Cell membrane stability- an important criterion for selection of heat tolerant genotypes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Cell membrane stability, grain filling rate, grain filling duration, canopy temperature and grain yield were used to evaluate performance of 100 diverse bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under timely sown and late sown heat stress conditions for two cropping season. The genotypes differed significantly for all the traits show-ing considerable variation for improvement of characters. The genotypes WH1165 had significant high grain yield (14.6* g and 11.4g) and (11.3* g and 11.4* g) followed by cell membrane stability under timely sown and heat stress conditions, respectively indicating potential tolerance against heat stress. Correlation coefficients revealed that cell membrane stability (0.451**) and (0.639**) in timely sown and in late sown conditions, respectively were the most important trait followed by grain filling rate (0.882** and 0.744**) under timely sown and late sown conditions respec-tively. Results revealed that bread wheat genotypes which had high value of cell membrane stability had high grain yield showed potential photorespiration and high grain filling rate under heat stress condition. Twenty two genotypes WH1021, WH1155, VL803, WH787, NW1014, Raj3765, HD1869, 2042, WH1124, HD2285, WH1133, HUW234, 4066, Sonak, UP2425, UP2473, PBW503, PBW373, PBW533, SGP13, HD2643 and WH789 were identified as heat tolerant genotypes based on their relative performance in yield components, grain yield and heat susceptibility indi-ces. These genotypes were found to be ideal candidates to be used in developing heat tolerant wheat varieties. Canopy temperature, membrane thermostability and grain filling rate have also shown strong correlation with grain yield. Because of this association, these traits constitute the best available ‘tool’ for genetic improvement of wheat suitable for cultivation under heat stressed environments. Thus, these could be used as indirect selection criteria for developing heat tolerant wheat genotypes that would provide sufficient yields to meet the ever increasing wheat demand

Ex Vivo Electrochemical Measurement of Glutamate Release During Spinal Cord Injury

Excessive glutamate release following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) has been associated with exacerbating the extent of SCI. However, the mechanism behind sustained high levels of extracellular glutamate is unclear. Spinal cord segments mounted in a sucrose double gap recording chamber are an established model for traumatic spinal cord injury. We have developed a method to record, with micro-scale printed glutamate biosensors, glutamate release from ex vivo rat spinal cord segments following injury. This protocol would work equally well for similar glutamate biosensors