Konzeptuelle Metaphern in der Textsorte Horoskop: Anwendung im DaF-Unterricht

Konzeptuelle Metaphern sind ein wesentlicher Teil der Sprache und des Spracherwerbs. Sie kommen in vielen Aspekten des Lebens vor und werden meistens unbewusst verstanden, kreativ produziert und benutzt. Genau deswegen ist es wichtig, konzeptuelle Metaphern im Prozess des Sprachlernens und -lehrens nicht zu vernachlässigen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Thema der konzeptuellen Metaphern und ihrer Anwendung im DaF-Unterricht mithilfe von Horoskoptexten, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf dem DaF-Unterricht im kroatischen Schulsystem

Zur Distribution deutscher Entlehnungen in kroatischen Gespanschaften

Diese Diplomarbeit behandelt das Thema der deutschen Entlehnungen in der kroatischen Sprache von heute. Obwohl Kroatien schon seit über zwei Jahrzehnten ein souveräner und unabhängiger Staat ist, kann man noch heute konkreten Beispielen des Einflusses benachbarter Kulturen bzw. Sprachen auf die Spur kommen. Kroatien befand sich während seiner Geschichte in diversen politisch-geografischen Konstellationen, die die Kultur und Sprache des Landes prägten. Aus geografischen, aber auch aus politischen Gründen erfolgte der Einfluss jedoch nicht überall im Lande mit der gleichen Intensität. Deshalb versucht diese Arbeit herauszufinden, ob und wie intensiv die deutsche Sprache die jeweiligen Regionen Kroatiens beeinflusste. Dabei wird von der Hypothese ausgegangen, dass die Varietäten im Norden Kroatiens die meisten deutschen Entlehnungen besitzen und dass die dort geborenen Probanden die meisten Entlehnungen kennen und sogar aktiv benutzen. Außer der Herkunft, wollte als Zweites nachgeprüft werden, ob das Alter Einfluss auf die Sprachkenntnisse hat. Als Drittes wurde davon ausgegangen, dass das Geschlecht oder besser gesagt die stereotypen Geschlechterrollen potenziell die Sprachkenntnisse beeinflussen können. Alle Hypothesen wurden mithilfe einer Google-Umfrage zur Prüfung gestellt. Zum Auftakt der Arbeit werden erstmals die theoretischen Grundlagen und die Grundbegriffe der Sprachkontaktforschung dargelegt. Dieses wird von einer kurzen Darbietung der wichtigsten Ereignisse in der Geschichte der deutsch-kroatischen Beziehungen gefolgt. Am Ende werden der eigentliche Umfrageteil sowie die durch die Umfrage erhaltenen Ergebnisse erläutert und analysiert, um die Hypothesen entweder zu bekräftigen oder zu widerlegen

Attitudes of preschool teachers towards teaching science and their relationship with attitudes toward gender roles

Jedan od zadataka suvremenih odgojitelja jest poticanje djeteta na otkrivanje, eksperimentiranje i istraživanje u bogatoj vrtićkoj okolini u svrhu razvoja znanstvenog načina mišljenja. Međutim, PISA testiranja iz područja znanosti i matematike već godinama idu u korist dječacima. Opažena razlika može biti posljedica različitih okolinskih utjecaja prisutnih od najranije dobi. Prema tome, stav odgojitelja o rodnim ulogama djece može biti povezan sa stavovima o znanstvenim aktivnostima u vrtiću kao tradicionalno „muškim“ aktivnostima rezerviranim za dječake. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti stavove odgojiteljica prema poučavanju znanosti u dječjim vrtićima, ali i utvrditi povezanosti s njihovim općim podacima i stavovima o rodnim ulogama djece. U online istraživanju sudjelovala je 481 odgojiteljica u dobi od 23 do 64 godine s prosječno 14 godina radnog iskustva. Njihovi stavovi ispitani su Ljestvicom stavova odraslih prema rodnim ulogama djece i Ljestvicom stavova prema poučavanju znanosti u predškolskim ustanovama te su prikupljeni opći podaci. Rezultati pokazuju kako stavovi prema poučavanju znanosti nisu povezani s dobi ili godinama radnog staža, već s važnosti vjere. Nadalje, što odgojiteljice imaju tradicionalnije stavove prema rodnim ulogama, to doživljavaju više anksioznosti i manje ugode prilikom provedbe znanstvenih aktivnosti, percipiraju manju samoefikasnost u poučavanju, više su ovisne o kontekstualnim faktorima (npr. postojanju materijala za poučavanje znanosti), znanost percipiraju manje relevantnom i doživljavaju više poteškoća u poučavanju. U radu su raspravljene praktične implikacije i smjernice za buduća istraživanja.One of the main goals of the present-day preschool teachers is to encourage children to discover, experiment and research in a rich environment for the purpose of developing a scientific way of thinking. However, for years PISA tests in the field of science and mathematics are in favor of boys. The observed difference may be the consequence of the various contextual influences present from the earliest age. The attitudes of preschool teachers about children gender roles can be related to attitudes about scientific activities as traditional "male" activities reserved for boys. The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes of preschool teachers about teaching science, as well as to establish correlations with general data and attitudes about children gender roles. 481 preschool teachers between the ages of 23 and 64 with an average of 14 years of work experience participated in On-line survey. Their attitudes were studied by the Child Rearing Sex- Roles Attitudes Scale and Dimensions of Attitude Toward Science. Also, general and demographic data were collected. The results show that attitudes towards teaching science are not related to their age or experience, but to their importance of religion. Furthermore, preschool teachers who have more traditional attitudes towards gender roles experience more anxiety and less comfort when demonstrating scientific activity, perceive less self-efficiency in teaching, are more dependent on contextual factors (e.g., the existence of science teaching materials) and experience more difficulty in teaching. Practical implications and recommendations for future research are addressed in this paper

The role of distractor strength in visual working memory

U posljednjih desetak godina, spoznaje o funkcioniranju vidnog radnog pamćenja (VRP) iz temelja su promijenjene pojavom modela resursa VRP-a. Pretpostavka ove skupine modela jest kako je VRP ograničen skup resursa koji se kontinuirano dijeli između svih podražaja koji se pamte, bez pretpostavke o postojanju limita u broju podražaja na koje se resursi mogu podijeliti. Porastom broja podražaja koji se pamti smanjuje se količina resursa pridana svakom podražaju, a samim time i reprezentacijska snaga svakog podražaja. Ova pretpostavka potvrđena je nalazima kako preciznost dosjećanja kontinuirano pada s porastom broja podražaja koji se pamti. Premda modeli resursa imaju jasne pretpostavke o ulozi količine resursa kojom je neki podražaj kodiran u preciznosti dosjećanja, otpornost snažnijih reprezentacija na perceptivne distraktore gotovo je neistraženo pitanje. Intuitivno, mogućnost zadržavanja zapamćenih informacija uslijed distraktora ovisi o snazi reprezentacija tih informacija, pri čemu će snažnije reprezentacije u manjoj mjeri biti narušene distraktorima. Druga važna odrednica otpornosti reprezentacija VRP-a na perceptivne distraktore je snaga samih distraktora. U ovom istraživanju željeli smo sustavno ispitati ulogu ova dva čimbenika - snage distraktora i snage reprezentacija u VRP-u - na preciznost dosjećanja u zadatku kontinuirane procjene u VRP-u. U eksperimentu 1 snaga reprezentacije manipulirana je variranjem broja podražaja koji se pamtio i dostupnim vremenom kodiranja. U eksperimentu 2a nakon kodiranja podražaja jednom je podražaju dan prioritet za dosjećanje. U eksperimentu 2b tijekom faze zadržavanja pažnja je privremeno usmjerena na jedan od zapamćenih podražaja s ciljem osvježavanja njegove reprezentacije. U posljednjem, eksperimentu 3, distraktori su prikazivani tijekom različitih faza obrade podražaja (kodiranja, zadržavanja, dosjećanja) uz pretpostavku kako je snaga reprezentacije najslabija prije no što kodiranje završi. Snaga perceptivnih distraktora u svim eksperimentima manipulirana je kao vrijeme prikaza distraktora i to na tri razine (bez distraktora, slabi distraktor, snažni distraktor). Rezultati su pokazali kako snaga reprezentacije ima važnu ulogu u zaštiti reprezentacije od distraktora. Dosjećanje podražaja kojima je pridano više resursa uslijed pamćenja manjeg broja podražaja i dužeg vremena kodiranja (eksperiment 1), koji su označeni kao prioritetni za dosjećanje (eksperiment 2a), koji su osvježeni tijekom faze zadržavanja (eksperiment 2b), te kojima faza kodiranja nije ometena (eksperiment 3), bilo je preciznije i uslijed prikaza distraktora. Uloga snage distraktora je potvrđena, no bila je kompleksna i ovisila je o na cinu na koji su reprezentacije osvježene. Model mješovitih distribucija koji pretpostavlja kako se dosjećanje može opisati točnim dosjećanjima, pogreškama zamjene, intruzijama i pogađanjem, dobro je pristajao podacima. Najkonzistentnije promjene uočene su u vjerojatnosti točnog dosjećanja. Važno, intruzije su se pokazale sastavnom vrstom pogrešaka u svim eksperimentima.Introduction Our environment is overloaded with visual information, with only a fraction of them necessary for an ongoing task. What determines the success of performing everyday tasks in such an environment? Visual working memory (VWM) is considered a vital component of most complex behaviours, but previous studies provided evidence of its susceptibility to irrelevant visual information, i.e. distractors. When is VWM impervious to distractors? VWM is best described as a highly limited resource that is flexibly shared among items in a visual scene. As the number of items increases, the amount of resources allocated to each item decreases, leading to a decline in strength (i.e. quality) of memory representations, and consequently to less precise recall of each item. This finding is consistent with a resource model of VWM and has been highlighted as a hallmark observation in VWM studies. An alternative view is provided by the influential "slot" model of VWM which claims that VWM is limited with a fixed maximum number of items that can be held in memory at one time. Moreover, according to this model, an item is either represented in its entirety in a memory slot or not stored at all. Strength of memory representation is therefore almost completely neglected in this type of model. However, investigation of the role of representation strength, besides the well known set size effect, has been limited even in studies motivated by the resource model. It is an intuitive prediction that memorandum strength should influence task performance. For example, our ability to maintain relevant information in the presence of distracting visual input should depend on the strength of memoranda, with stronger representations suffering less from irrelevant visual input. Here we thoroughly investigated the roles of strength of representations in VWM and distractor strength. Method To this end, we conducted four experiments (N = 64) in which we systematically manipulated the strength of VWM representations and the strength of distractors. We employed a delayedestimation task with continuous report, wherein subjects memorized colour stimuli. We manipulated strength of representation by: manipulating set size and encoding time (experiment 1), prioritizing one item for recall (experiment 2a), refreshing a representation of a single item during maintenance (experiment 2b), or interrupting memory phases before and after a stable representation was formed (experiment 3). After showing a memory array but before recalling one of the memorized items, irrelevant visual stimuli were shown. Simultaneously with memoranda strength, we manipulated distractor strength (no distractors, weak distractors, strong distractors). Results In all experiments we consistently found evidence that strength of memoranda serves a protective role against visual distractors. Regardless of the method used to manipulate memoranda strength, recall of stronger memoranda was less vulnerable to distractors. On the other hand, the effect of distractor strength showed a complex pattern which differed between experiments and depended on the manipulation of VWM representation strength. Next, we fit the data with a mixture model which assumes that the recall error distribution is a mixture of target recall, swap errors, intrusions, and guesses. This model captured the data well and showed better fit than the alternative normal + uniform model. When analyzing parameters of this model the most consistent manipulation dependent changes were observed on the target recall parameter. Intrusions were observed in all experiments. Interestingly, they depended more on VWM representation strength than on distractor strength. Conclusion This study revealed that strength of memoranda in VWM serves a protective role against visual distractors, making any addition of mechanisms of memoranda protection or distractor inhibition unnecessary. However, we showed that distractors, regardless of their strength, are able to penetrate VWM and lead to a decrease in recall precision. These findings are consistent with a resource conceptualisation of VWM where representational strength (i.e. the amount of allocated resources) plays a crucial role in ability to perform a task

The right to education of refugee children integrated into an elementary school in Zagreb

Tema rada je pravo na obrazovanje djece izbjeglica koji su integrirani u jednu zagrebačku osnovnu školu. S obzirom na to da dosadašnja istraživanja nedostatno zahvaćaju temu prava na obrazovanje djece izbjeglica, posebno na području Republike Hrvatske, temeljni je cilj istraživanja analiza ostvarivanja prava na obrazovanje djece izbjeglica u odgojno-obrazovnoj praksi, ali i uvid u barijere i izazove s kojima se susreću različite perspektive uključene u proces integracije. U analizi ostvarivanja prava na obrazovanje djece izbjeglica korišten je teorijski okvir prava na obrazovanje Katarine Tomaševski (2001) fokusirajući se na dimenzije dostupnosti, prihvatljivosti i prilagodljivosti obrazovanja. Korištena je kvalitativna metodologija te su podaci prikupljeni intervjuiranjem 13 sudionica. U uzorak je uključena stručna suradnica škole, učiteljice i asistentice u nastavi. Rezultati su pokazali da djeca izbjeglice djelomično ostvaruju pravo na obrazovanje u dimenziji dostupnosti, prihvatljivosti i prilagodljivosti. Rezultati ukazuju na to da je škola imala kratak period za pripremu učitelja učenika i roditelja, na odgođeni upis u školu i nepostojanje stardardiziranih testova za utvrđivanje znanja i sposobnosti za upis u školu. Rezultati su ukazali i na problem neposjedovanja osobnih dokumenata i dokumenata o prethodnim obrazovnim iskustvima što je otežalo smještaj učenika u odgovarajući razred. Utvrđeno je ne postojanje prijevoza učenika od Prihvatilišta za tražitelje azila do škole, kao i materijala za provođenje pripremne nastave hrvatskog jezika. U nekim područjima je zakazala i suradnja s pojedinim nadležnim institucijama te su izostala potrebna stručnih usavršavanja učitelja. Određeni broj učenika ima potrebu za prilagodbom sadržaja, individualiziranim pristupom i individualnim radom čije je osiguravanje izazovno učiteljima. Jezična barijera otežava komunikaciju posebno u početku integracije. U manjoj mjeri se integriraju sadržaji koji reflektiraju pozadine i iskustva učenika. Rezultati su pokazali kako je učenicima potrebna pomoć i podrška u različitim područjima, ali postoje brojni faktori koji otežavaju pružanje istih. Učiteljice i asistentice iskazuju različite stavove o uzrocima slabijih obrazovnih postignuća te različita iskustva o participaciji učenika i odnosu među učenicima domaćinima i učenicima izbjeglicama. Asistentice smatraju da učenici izbjeglice nisu aktivni sudionici nastave i da nemaju razvijene pozitivne odnose s drugom djecom u razredu, dok učiteljice smatraju suprotno. Većina sudionica ne navodi osjećaj potpune kompetentnosti za rad s djecom izbjeglicama te navode brojne izazove s kojima se susreću i različite vrste potrebne podrške u radu.The topic of this thesis is the right to education for refugee children who have integrated into elementary school in Zagreb, Croatia. Due to an insufficient amount of research regarding refugee children’s right to education, specifically in the Republic of Croatia, the goal of this study is to analyze the right to the education of refugee children, as well as define the challenges faced by participants in the process of integration. The analysis of the implementation of the right to education of refugees is based on the theoretical framework of Katarina Tomaševski (2001) focusing on three dimensions of this right, which are: accessibility, acceptability and adaptability of education. The research used a qualitative methodology for which the data were collected through interviews with 13 participants. Member of the school counselling service, teachers and teacher’s assistants participated in the study. Results showed the lack of implementation of the right to education for refugees in educational practice. The results show that the school had a short period of time for preparing teachers, students and parents. The results also show the delayed enrollment in school and lack of standardized tests to determine knowledge and ability for school enrollment. The results point out the problem of the students not having personal documents and documents confirming prior educational experiences, which made it difficult to integrate them in the appropriate classes. Results show the lack of transport for students from the Reception Center for Asylum seekers to the school, lack of materials for learning Croatian language as a secondary language, lack of co-operation with some institutions and lack of necessary professional training for teachers. A certain number of students have the need for adapted educational content, individualized instruction, and individual work that is challenging for teachers to provide. The language barrier also makes communication difficult; this is especially so at the beginning of the children’s integration. To a lesser extent, participants integrate the educational contents that reflect the students' backgrounds and experiences. The results show that the students need help and support in different areas, but there are many factors that make it difficult to provide it to them. Teachers and assistants point out different attitudes about the causes of lower educational achievements as well as the different experiences of student participation and the relations with other students. Most participants felt a limited capacity for working with refugee children and would state that they had faced many challenges and required various types of support

Polish people in Zagreb – practices of maintaining and identity construction in the private and public sphere

Cilj rada bio je istražiti identitete Poljaka u Zagrebu, odnosno načine kako pojedinac njeguje svoj identitet kroz Poljsku kulturnu udrugu „Mikołaj Kopernik“, a kako ga njeguje unutar obitelji. Slijedeći teorijska polazišta o identitetu, istraživale su se prakse u privatnoj i javnoj sferi. Istraživanje se temelji na polustrukturiranim intervjuima s migranticama iz Poljske i njihovim potomcima. U epistemološko - metodološkom smislu polazilo se od cjelovito istraženih pojedinačnih slučajeva, a metodom životne priče ocrtalo se življeno migrantsko/manjinsko iskustvo. U istraživanju se pokazalo kako su javna i privatna sfera neodvojivi simbolički prostori. Privatna sfera je osobni prostor pojedinca, a javna sfera je prostor Poljske kulturne udruge u kojem se svi osobni identiteti doseljenika isprepliću i tvore inter-identitet Udruge. Takvim kreiranim identitetom Udruga se predstavlja javnosti, odnosno građanima Republike Hrvatske. U radu su opisane pojedine božićne i uskrsne prakse, s naglaskom na poljsku gastronomiju, koje su se pokazale najvažnijim pri održavanju, prenašanju i konstruiranju identiteta u obje sfere. Tijekom istraživanja proslava običaja, uočeni su kulturni procesi selekcije pojedinih elemenata tradicijske poljske kulture koji se upisuju u stvoreni identitet Udruge i askripcije određenih folklornih elemenata kao zajedničkih svim članovima Udruge.The aim of this thesis was to examine the identities of Polish people in Zagreb, namely the ways how an individual nurtures his identity through the Polish Cultural Association „Mikołaj Kopernik“ and within the family. Following the theoretical starting point of identity, practices in the private mode and the public face were examined. The research is based on semi-structured interviews with female migrants from Poland and their offspring. In the epistemological – methodological sense, the starting point were fully examined individual cases, whereas using the life story method a migrant/minority experience was depicted. The research showed that the public and private sphere were inseparable symbolical spaces – the private sphere is the personal space of an individual and the public sphere is the site of the Polish Cultural Association where all personal identities of the immigrants interwine and form the inter-identity of the Association. With such created identity the Association is presented to the public, i.e. to the citizens of the Republic of Croatia. The thesis describes some of the Christmas and Easter practices, with a focus on Polish gastronomy, which proved to be the most important in maintaining, transferring and constructing identity in both spheres. While examining celebrations of traditions, cultural processes of selection of individual elements of traditional Polish culture which are recorded in the created identity of the Association and ascription of certain folklore elements as common to all members of the Association were detected

Čovjek i tehnologija

Cilj ovog rada je u sažetom obliku predstaviti fenomen tehnologije, i to ne samo kroz filozofsko poimanje termina ili etičko-moralne dileme uporabe tehnologije nego i kroz prizmu popularno-znanstvene pa i znanstveno-fantastične diskusije o tehnologiji. U uvodnom dijelu naglasak je na kulturno-povijesnim momentima vezanima za tehnologiju. U središnjem dijelu rada ključna su pitanja same upotrebe tehnologije kao i njezina utjecaja na čovjeka i okoliš. Od upotreba koje zadiru u čovjekovu biološku, ali i metafizičku bit izdvojeni su genetičko modificiranje i kloniranje. Osim klasičnih teorijskih prikaza, inspiraciju su predstavljali i klasici znanstveno-fantastične literature. Nakon proučavanja literature i susretanja s kritičarima i zagovornicima tehnologije, zaključuje se da tehnologija može u jednakoj mjeri biti zastrašujuća i fascinantna, odnosno da može biti uzrokom našeg istrebljenja, ali i spasa.The aim of this work is to present, in a summarized form, the phenomenon of technology, not only through philosophical views on the notion of technology or ethical-moral dilemmas regarding its use, but also through popular-scientific and science fiction discussion on technology. In the introductory part of the work, the cultural-historical moments regarding the phenomenon of technology have been emphasized. In the central part of the work, the most important questions are the questions on the use of technology and its influence on the man and the nature. Among the uses which penetrate into the human biological, but also metaphysical essence, the genetic modification and cloning have been emphasized. Besides the classical theoretical approaches, the inspiration for this rethinking the issues of technology represented the classics of science fiction literature. After research of the literature, both critics and advocates of technology, the conclusion is that technology can be both horrifying and fascinating, i.e. it can be a cause of both our extinction and our salvation

Slobodna volja, vrijeme, pripovjedač i ljubav u Nabokovljevoj 'Loliti'

Roman Vladimira Nabokova "Lolita" je od svog objavljivanja 1955. godine plijenio pažnju čitatelja, kritičara i teoretičara podjednako, potaknuvši mnoge znanstvene radove svojom tematikom i bogatstvom motiva za analizu. Ovaj rad će se pozabaviti četirima segmentima toga romana: problematikom slobodne volje i privatnosti, vremena u romanu, pripovjedačem te naposljetku i kontroverzno obrađenim motivom ljubavi. Analiza će se oslanjati na teorijske radove slične tematike u pokušaju prikazivanja kako navedeni elementi figuriraju unutar jednog od najpoznatijih i svakako najkontroverznijih Nabokovljevih romana

Psychosocial adjustment to lower limb amputation

Cilj ovog kvalitativnog istraživanja bio je steći detaljniji uvid u psihosocijalnu prilagodbu na amputaciju donjih ekstremiteta osoba koje svakodnevno koriste protezu u hrvatskom kontekstu. Pritom smo željeli saznati njihova iskustva, identificirati čimbenike koji utječu na psihosocijalnu prilagodbu, te utvrditi javlja li se kod osoba s amputacijom donjih ekstremiteta posttraumatski rast. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo sveukupno devet osoba s područja Grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije, kod kojih je amputacija rezultat nesreće ili dijagnoze maligne bolesti. Podaci, dobiveni polustrukturiranim intervjuom, govore u prilog uspješnoj psihosocijalnoj prilagodbi na amputaciju. Čimbenici koji tome doprinose su kvalitetan i razvijen sustav socijalne podrške, visoko funkcionalno i estetsko zadovoljstvo protezom, određene karakteristike osobnosti i aktivne strategije suočavanja s traumatskim događajem, kao što su pronalazak značenja, silazna socijalna usporedba, prihvaćanje, kognitivno restrukturiranje, optimizam, nada, samoefikasnost, usmjerenost ka ostvarenju ciljeva, te korištenje humora. Percipirana ili stvarna socijalna stigma, nezaposlenost, fantomska bol, nedostatak informacija vezanih za postoperativnu prilagodbu na život poslije amputacije, te izostanak psihoedukacijskih i psiholoških intervencija negativno utječu na proces psihosocijalne prilagodbe na amputaciju. O posttraumatskom rastu izvještavaju samo sudionice istraživanja i to najčešće vezano za područje jačanja osobne snage, vrijednosti i mogućnosti, te pridavanja veće važnosti životu.The aim of this qualitative research was to gain a more detailed insight into psychosocial adaptation of the lower limb amputation of persons who use the prosthesis daily in the Croatian context. Specifically, our goal was to find out their experiences, identify factors that influence psychosocial adaptation, and determine whether posttraumatic growth occurs in people with lower limb amputation. A total of nine people from Zagreb and Zagreb County participated in the study, where amputation was the result of an accident or a diagnosis of malignant disease. Data obtained through a semi-structured interview suggest a successful psychosocial adaptation to amputation. The factors that contribute to this are high quality and developed social support system, a high functional and aesthetic satisfaction with the prosthesis, certain characteristics of personality and an active strategy of dealing with a traumatic event such as finding meaning, downward social comparison, acceptance, cognitive restructuring, optimism, hope, self-efficacy, focus on achieving goals, and using humor. Perceived or actual social stigma, unemployment, phantom pain, lack of information related to postoperative adaptation to life after amputation, and absence of psychoeduction and psychological interventions negatively affect the process of psychosocial adaptation to amputation. Posttraumatic growth is only reported by female participants and it's mostly related to the area of personal strength, value and opportunities, and giving greater importance to life