358 research outputs found

    "āļ•āļąāļ‡āđ€āļĄ" āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ

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    āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļąāļˆāļ™āļĨāļĩāļĨāļēāđƒāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ­āļš 3 āļ—āļĻāļ§āļĢāļĢāļĐ (āļž.āļĻ. 2530 - 2560) (STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE AND EDUCATIONAL STYLE IN 3-DECADE THAI THESIS (1987 - 2017))

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ “āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļžāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļąāļˆāļ™āļĨāļĩāļĨāļēāđƒāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđƒāļ™āļĢāļ­āļš 3 āļ—āļĻāļ§āļĢāļĢāļĐ (āļž.āļĻ. 2530 - 2560)” āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļĻāļīāļĨāļ›āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļšāļąāļ“āļ‘āļīāļ• āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļāļĐāļĢāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļšāļąāļ“āļ‘āļīāļ• āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ–āļēāļšāļąāļ™āļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āļž.āļĻ. 2530-2560 āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ—āļĢāļ­āļ™āļīāļāļŠāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āļšāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ§āļąāļˆāļ™āļĨāļĩāļĨāļē āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 19 āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē 2 āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 14 āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđƒāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡ āđ† āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļ§āļĩāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒ āļšāļ—āđ€āļžāļĨāļ‡ āļ•āļģāļĢāļēāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļŠāļēāļĢāļ„āļ”āļĩ āļ‚āđˆāļēāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ—āļĢāļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āđŒ āđāļĨāļ° 2) āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 5 āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļ›āļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļŠāļĢāļ°āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĒāļąāļāļŠāļ™āļ°āđƒāļ™āļ āļēāļĐāļēāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđƒāļ™āđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļœāđˆāļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ§āļ‡āļāļ§āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđƒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2545 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļąāļˆāļ™āļĨāļĩāļĨāļēāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĒāļļāļāļ•āđŒāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđāļĢāļ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­ āļž.āļĻ. 2537 āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļˆāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ§āļąāļˆāļ™āļĨāļĩāļĨāļē āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļžÂ  āļ§āļąāļˆāļ™āļĨāļĩāļĨāļē  āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ„āļ—āļĒ article on "Status of Knowledge and Educational Style in 3-Decade Thai Thesis (1987 - 2017)". The objective is to compile thesis of students. Graduate student Department of Thai Language In government universities between 1987-2017. By collecting data from electronic databases that provide thesis search services. The results of the thesis found that the study was carried out using styles Graduate level 19 subjects. The researchers used 2 methods of study, namely 1) 13 theoretical studies by studying in various media, including poetry, music, texts, law, literature, documentaries, news and television programs and 2) applied studies, namely the study of the transformation of vowel systems and consonants in the Thai language. This article shows good interest in thesis by using the style of verbal style. Keywords: Status, Style, Thai Thesi

    āļĄāļąāļŠāļĒāļīāļ”āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ

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    āļžāļŦāļļāļ™āļīāļĒāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĒāļļāļ•āļīāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ Legal Pluralism and the Administration of Islamic Justice in Thailand

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļīāļžāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļžāļŦāļļāļ™āļīāļĒāļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĒāļļāļ•āļīāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĒāļļāļ•āļīāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āđāļĄāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĢāļ”āļāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ āļēāļ„āđƒāļ•āđ‰ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āļĒāļ°āļĨāļē āļ™āļĢāļēāļ˜āļīāļ§āļēāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ•āļđāļĨāļĄāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ™āļēāļ™ āđāļ•āđˆāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĒāļąāļ‡āļ‚āļēāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĨāļķāļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļĒāļļāļ•āļīāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĄāļļāļŠāļĨāļīāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒāđāļ•āđˆāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāļ–āļđāļāļ™āļģāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļžāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļēāļ§āļĄāļļāļŠāļĨāļīāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āđ‚āļ›āļĢāđŒ āļĻāļĢāļĩāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļŸāļīāļĨāļīāļ›āļ›āļīāļ™āļŠāđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĒāļļāļ•āļīāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž āļˆāļ°āļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš āļĄāļĩāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ•āļąāļ”āļŠāļīāļ™āļ„āļ”āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ‡āđˆāļēāļĒ āļĄāļĩāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļĢāļŠāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āļĒāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ—āļēāļ‡āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāđāļāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ™āļąāļšāļ–āļ·āļ­āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ­āļīāļŠāļĨāļēāļĄāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĢāļ”āļāļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ•āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āļ–āļķāļ‡āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄāđˆāļˆāļģāļāļąāļ”āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ”āļĩāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļđāđˆāļĻāļēāļĨāļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āļĒāļ°āļĨāļē āļ™āļĢāļēāļ˜āļīāļ§āļēāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ•āļđāļĨāđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ AbstractThis research is based on the author’s thesis, “Legal Pluralism and the Administration of Islamic Justice in Thailand” with the objective of presenting guidelines for appropriate Islamic justice administration in Thailand. Islamic law is applied to family and heritage in the 4 southern provinces of Thailand, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat and Satun for a long time, but the law still lacks clarity in both content and practice. This research uses the qualitative method of research together with in-depth interviews and the study of the administration of Islamic justice in countries with a minority Muslim population where Islamic law applies to their Muslim citizens -- namely, Singapore, Sri Lanka and the Philippines. The study recommends that to develop an effective administration of Islamic justice in Thailand, the Islamic legal system in Thailand should be adjusted by defining the scope of cases using Islamic law more clearly, with an Islamic judicial bodythat is consistent with both the religious principles and the state legal system in which people are easily accessible. A registration organization should clearly state the legal status of individuals arising from marriage based on Islamic principles. Managing organizations related to the application of Islamic law should have a constant pattern and legal status. Finally, the territory using Islamic law to give rights to Muslims who require to apply Islamic law on their family and heritage matters should be expanded throughout the whole country.

    Relationship between Quality of Life at Work and Corporate Commitment of Provincial Public Health Office Personnel In the Three Southern Border Provinces

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    āļĻāļīāļĨāļ›āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļšāļąāļ“āļ‘āļīāļ• (āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ), 2565This research study the relationship between quality of life at work and corporate commitment of Provincial Public Health Office personnel in the three southern border provinces Yala Pattani Narathiwat with the purpose of research, research objectives 1) To study the quality of working life of provincial public health office personnel in the three southern border provinces 2)To study the organizational commitment of provincial public health office personnel in the three southern border provinces. 3) To study the relationship between quality of work life affecting organizational commitment of provincial public health office personnel in the three southern border provincesUse quantitative data analysis by using a questionnaire (Questionnaire) is a tool for research. Study from the population and samples used in research namely personnel in the three southern border provinces Yala Pattani Narathiwat 219person. Tools used in this research were the questionnaire. To analyze the data used frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s coefficient correlation. 1. Quality of working life of provincial public health office personnel in the three southern border provinces Overall, it's at a moderate level. (X Ė…=3.50) and (SD=0.140) When considering the details of each aspect It was found that the benefit to society had the highest average. At a high level, there are 4 aspects: benefits to society (X Ė…=4.04) and (SD=0.251) personal rights (X Ė…=3.91) and (SD=0.307) in terms of working conditions that are safe and that promote health (X Ė…=3.90) and (SD=0.297) and on the development of potential and the use of human capabilities (X Ė…=3.78)and (SD=0.455) 2 The organizational commitment of the sample was found to be at a high level, that is (X Ė…=3.70) and (SD=0.318) Considering each aspect, it was found that the relationship to the body The awareness of the future of the organization is at the high level. (X Ė…=4.19) āđāļĨāļ° (SD=0.431) 3. The relationship between quality of work life and organizational commitment of provincial public health office personnel in the three southern border provinces Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat Provinces, found that overall quality of working life and organizational commitment of personnel were related. Were statistically significant at the level .01 (r = .198). When considering the overall relationship, the quality of work life was related to the organization's commitment to job satisfaction and willingness to contribute to the organization. Statistically significant at the level .01 (r = .305,.180) and awareness of the future of the organization statistically significant at the level .05 (r =.163) Overall, corporate engagement was related to safe and healthy working conditions. and on the development of potential and the use of individual abilities statistically significant at the level .01 (r = .205,.195) respectively.āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĒāđāļ”āļ™āđƒāļ•āđ‰ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĒāļ°āļĨāļē āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļĢāļēāļ˜āļīāļ§āļēāļŠ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ 1) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĒāđāļ”āļ™āļ āļēāļ„āđƒāļ•āđ‰ 2) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĒāđāļ”āļ™āļ āļēāļ„āđƒāļ•āđ‰ 3) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĒāđāļ”āļ™āļ āļēāļ„āđƒāļ•āđ‰ āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄ (Questionnaire) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĒāđāļ”āļ™āļ āļēāļ„āđƒāļ•āđ‰ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĒāļ°āļĨāļē āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļĢāļēāļ˜āļīāļ§āļēāļŠ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 219 āļ„āļ™ āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļĩāđˆ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļšāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ° āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŠāļŦāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāđāļšāļšāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļĢāđŒāļŠāļąāļ™ ( Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient) āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰ 1. āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĒāđāļ”āļ™āļ āļēāļ„āđƒāļ•āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ (X Ė…=3.50) āđāļĨāļ° (SD=0.140) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļĢāļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļĩāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 4 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄ (X Ė…=4.04) āđāļĨāļ° (SD=0.251) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ (X Ė…=3.91) āđāļĨāļ° (SD=0.307) āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž (X Ė…=3.90) āđāļĨāļ° (SD=0.297) āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļž āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‚āļĩāļ” āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ (X Ė…=3.78) āđāļĨāļ° (SD=0.455) 2. āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ„āļ·āļ­ (X Ė…=3.70) āđāļĨāļ° (SD=0.318) āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļēāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ (X Ė…=4.19) āđāļĨāļ° (SD=0.431) 3. āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļēāļĄāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļēāļĒāđāļ”āļ™āđƒāļ•āđ‰ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĒāļ°āļĨāļē āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļĢāļēāļ˜āļīāļ§āļēāļŠ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™ āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš .01 (r = .198) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ—āļžāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāđƒāļˆ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš .01 (r = .305,.180)āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš .05 (r = .163) āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļžāļīāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļœāļđāļāļžāļąāļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļąāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āđŒāļāļąāļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‚āļĩāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš .01 (r = .205,.195) āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļą

    Health Impact Assessment for Food Safety Operation of Pattani Municipality Office, Pattani Province

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    āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļšāļąāļ“āļ‘āļīāļ• (āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž), 2566This descriptive research aimed to conduct health impact assessment of food safety operations according to the Ottawa Charter with the 5-step health impact assessment process. The following 3 processes were administered: 1) public screening and scoping, 2) assessing and 3) public reviewing and influencing. The informants, including 35 people from the private sector, 9 people from the government sector and 2 academics, were selected through a purposive sampling method. Qualitative data were collected by in-depth interviews. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were organized with those responsible for the food safety projects and entrepreneurs. Focus group discussions were administered with stakeholders. Quantitative data were collected by surveying the food safety behavior of 30 restaurant operators. Qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis and quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive analysis with percentage, mean and standard deviation. The results of the public screening and scoping revealed that the participants in the focus group discussions agreed that 14 food safety projects out of 29 projects should be assessed. They jointly set the objectives of the assessment, which were to learn and to develop food safety projects in Pattani Municipality. As for thescoping of the assessment, it was assessed based onthefive action areas of Ottawa Charter, namely developing personal skills, strengthening community action, creating supportive environments, developing public policy and reorienting health services with 35 indicators. Based on the results of the assessment of the projects, the project activities with the highest level of success in each aspect were as follows. In terms of developing personal skills, 71.40% of the projects caused the target groups to change behavior in choosing safe raw materials. Regarding strengthening community action, 64.30% of the projects had activities leading to the preparation of work plans with target groups and communities. Therefore, the target groups had roles and responsibilities assigned by the public. As for creating supportive environments, the relevant organizations improved the environment around shops, stalls and fresh markets conducive to service users, and 64. 3% of the projects achieved a high level of success. In terms of developing public policy, agreements, community rules and food safety management measures in the community were defined, and 64.3% of the projects achieved a moderate level of success. Regarding reorienting health services, a community network of food safety was established, and 64.3% of the projects had a moderate level of success. The results of the assessment of food safety behavior of entrepreneurs in 3 aspects were as follows. Food safety behavior in preparation for production was at a low level (Ė…= 1.33, S.D. = 0.435). Food safety behavior in preparation for cooking was at a low level (Ė…= 1.25, S.D. = 0.403). Food safety behavior in transportation was at a low level (Ė…= 1.66). Recommendations for the development of food safety operations in Pattani Municipality according to the Ottawa Charter are as follows. 1) Pattani Municipality in cooperation with Pattani Provincial Public Health Office and Pattani Provincial Agricultural Office should carry out the potential development of entrepreneurs and farmers. The awareness to change the behavior of farmers, producers, restaurant operators and food handlers should be raised through learning materials about food safety in fresh markets. 2) Pattani Municipality should be the main organization in collaboration with Pattani Provincial Public Health Office, Pattani Provincial Agricultural Office and entrepreneurs in jointly analyzing the situations, preparing plans and following up and evaluating the food safety operations through community forums and sub-district development plans with people in the area. 3) Pattani Municipality should improve the environment around the market area, promote the model market and restaurant operators and create a food safety operation course based on the local context under a multicultural society. 4) Pattani Municipality in collaboration with government agencies at the district level should jointly establish agreementsand rules through local community policies on food safety operations. 5) Pattani Municipality should integrate with government agencies, private sector and people in the area in driving food safety work through Pattani Provincial Food Safety Committee.āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢ āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļ­āļ­āļ•āļ•āļēāļ§āļē āļŠāļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒ (Ottawa Charter) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄ āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž 5 āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™ āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢ 3 āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ āļ„āļ·āļ­ 1) āļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ° āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ° 2) āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļēāļ‡ āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āđāļĨāļ° 3) āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ° āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļąāļāļ”āļąāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āļ•āļąāļ”āļŠāļīāļ™āđƒāļˆ āļ„āļąāļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļœāļđāđ‰āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđāļšāļšāđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ āļēāļ„āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™ āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļ™ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 35 āļ„āļ™ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 9 āļ„āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ™āļąāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 2 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢ āļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĨāļķāļ āļˆāļąāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļĨāļķāļ āļœāļđāđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒāļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒ āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 30 āļ„āļ™ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰ āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļžāļĢāļĢāļ“āļ™āļē āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ„āđˆāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāđāļĨāļ° āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļšāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļąāđˆāļ™āļāļĢāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ° āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āļĄāļĩ āļĄāļ•āļīāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 14 āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļˆāļēāļ 29 āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļĨāļ° āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļ­āļ­āļ•āļ•āļēāļ§āļē āļŠāļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒ 5 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄ āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ­āļ·āđ‰āļ­ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ° āđāļĨāļ° āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļĨāđ„āļ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 35 āļ•āļąāļ§āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ” āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļļāļ“āļ„āđˆāļēāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆ āļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđƒāļ™āđāļ•āđˆāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļšāļļāļ„āļ„āļĨ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 71.40 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļāļ‹āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ”āļīāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡ āļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 64.30 āļĄāļĩāļāļīāļˆāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‰āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļĄāļĩāļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļš āļĄāļ­āļšāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāļ§āļĄ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ­āļ·āđ‰āļ­ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ”āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļšāļĢāļīāđ€āļ§āļ“āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ­āļšāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āđ‰āļēāđāļœāļ‡āļĨāļ­āļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļŠāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ­āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļœāļđāđ‰āļĄāļēāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 64.3 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ° āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡ āļāļŽāļāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 64.3 āļĄāļĩāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāđ„āļ āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ āļēāļ„āļĩāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ°64.30 āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļēāļ™āļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢ 3 āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ• āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ• āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ (Ė…= 1.33, S.D. = 0.435 ) āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡ āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ (Ė…= 1.25, S.D. = 0.403 ) āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ‡ āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ ( Ė…= 1.66 ) āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āđ€āļ‚āļ•āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļ­āļšāļ­āļ­āļ•āļ•āļēāļ§āļēāļŠāļēāļĢāđŒāđ€āļ•āļ­āļĢāđŒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™ āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āļ„āļ§āļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢ āđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāļāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļžāļĪāļ•āļīāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāļāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļœāļĨāļīāļ• āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļœāļđāđ‰āļŠāļąāļĄāļœāļąāļŠāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļŠāļ” 2) āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļāļĐāļ•āļĢāļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒ āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāđāļœāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ§āļ—āļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ„āļĄāđāļœāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ•āļģāļšāļĨāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 3) āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨ āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩāļ„āļ§āļĢāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļšāļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļĨāļēāļ” āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļ•āđ‰āļ™āđāļšāļš āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļēāļĢ āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ•āđ‰āļ™āđāļšāļš āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļģāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ•āļēāļĄāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļŠāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĄāļžāļŦāļļ āļ§āļąāļ’āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ 4) āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢ āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡ āļāļŽāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™ āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļ—āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ–āļīāđˆāļ™āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āđāļĨāļ° 5) āđ€āļ—āļĻāļšāļēāļĨāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩāļ„āļ§āļĢāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļēāļāļēāļĢāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ āļēāļ„āļĢāļąāļ āļ āļēāļ„āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ āļēāļ„ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļ„āļ“āļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™

    Factors Affecting the Confidence of the Inquiry Official in the Forensic Science : A Case Study of the Inquiry Official in Yala, Pattani and Narathiwat Provinces.

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    āļĢāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļšāļąāļ“āļ‘āļīāļ• (āļĢāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ), 2561The purposes of this research were to study the factors affecting the confidence of the inquiry official in the forensic science, the confidence level of inquiry officers and the problems and obstacles to cooperated work performance between inquiry officers and forensic scientists. The sample cluster included 192 inquiry officers from Yala, Pattani and Narathiwat provinces. The research tools using questionnaires, which had reliability value 0.97. Statistics used for data analysis were the frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and multiple regression analysis. It was found that the level of confidence of the inquiry official in the forensic science was a high level (x Ė… = 4.56, S.D. = 0.49). The factors influencing the confidence were the effectiveness of management system, attitudes to forensic science work and acknowledgement of abilities of forensic scientist, resulted the statistically significant at .05 whereas the factor of good governance did not affect the confidence. In addition, the problems and obstacles in cooperation of the inquiry officers and forensic scientist were the delayed of forensic reports, the imbalance of manpower and requirements and innocence of inquiry official to the capabilities of forensic scientist. Therefore, addition suggestions in this research were an increasing the forensic science workforce, providing the related training, disseminating the knowledge of collecting and transferring evidence to the inquiry officers to increase confidence in forensic science work.āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ “āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āļāļĢāļ“āļĩāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĒāļ°āļĨāļē āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļĢāļēāļ˜āļīāļ§āļēāļŠâ€ āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļ›āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĒāļ°āļĨāļē āļ›āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ™āļĩ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļĢāļēāļ˜āļīāļ§āļēāļŠ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 192 āļ„āļ™ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļ·āļ­āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™ 0.97 āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ–āļĩāđˆ āļ„āđˆāļēāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļšāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļ–āļ­āļĒāļžāļŦāļļāļ„āļđāļ“ āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” (x Ė… = 4.56, S.D. = 0.49) āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļąāļĻāļ™āļ„āļ•āļīāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļšāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆ .05 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļēāļ āļīāļšāļēāļĨāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļēāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļ›āļŠāļĢāļĢāļ„āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ™āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļĨāđˆāļēāļŠāđ‰āļē āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļžāļĩāļĒāļ‡āļžāļ­āļ•āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ—āļĢāļēāļšāļ‚āļĩāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āļ”āļąāļ‡āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āđ€āļŠāļ™āļ­āđāļ™āļ°āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ•āļīāļĄāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļœāļĒāđāļžāļĢāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļžāļĒāļēāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļāļąāļšāļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŠāļ­āļšāļŠāļ§āļ™ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļīāļŠāļđāļˆāļ™āđŒāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰

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    āļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ -- āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļĢāļēāļŠāļĄāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļ„āļĢ, 2559The objectives of this research are to propose a linear mixed model (LMM) for spatial time series with a seasonal component, to apply the proposed model to monthly rubber yields in southern provinces of Thailand, to forecast rubber yields in southern provinces of Thailand and to compare the performance of the proposed model to the Holt-Winters Additive Exponential smoothing model (Holt-Winters ES) and the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model (SARIMA). The proposed model is a linear mixed model (LMM) with spatial effects following a conditional autoregressive model (CAR model). Seasonal dummy variables and Fourier terms are two methods used to account for the seasonal effects. A Bayesian method is used for parameter estimation. The estimated monthly yields are used to forecast the monthly rubber yields. The dependent variables are the monthly rubber yields in each province. The effects considered are spatial effects, heterogeneity effects, and seasonal effects. The data are secondary data at a provincial level. The results show that the effects influencing on the amount of rubber yields are spatial, heterogeneity, and seasonal effects. The proposed model with sesonal dummy variables is the most appropriate model copared to the LMM with Fourier sesonal effects, Holt-Withers ES and SARIMA. The mean absolute errors (MAE) are smallest in both model fitting and model validating parts. The proposed model with sesaonal dummy variables should be the first consideration for forecasting spatial time series with a seasonal component.Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakho
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