Forecasts of Wastepaper Supply and Consumption In The United States To 1985

Recycling of wastepaper is a partial solution to the solid waste management problem and a source of fibrous material in the production of paper and board products. Unlike virgin fiber, wastepaper is the result of past paper and board consumption. To consider these important facts and others affecting wastepaper supply and consumption, a model of the paper and board industry inclusive of wastepaper recycling was constructed. The results of application of this model showed that wastepaper supply and consumption can vary widely depending on the future recovery rates and utilization levels of wastepaper by the paper industry. By assuming the most optimistic wastepaper recovery and utilization increases by 1985, a domestic wastepaper supply shortfall is forecasted. However, the most likely future wastepaper utilization scenario indicates a surplus of wastepaper by 1985 given average recovery rates. The model can be used to consider a broad range of wastepaper recovery and utilization situations and alternative economic growth rates

Interaction forces between ink particles, cellulose fibers and mineral fillers as determined by AFM

Journal ArticleRecycling of wastepaper is an important industrial activity for the conservation of our natural resources. Wastepaper is mostly generated from newspaper and office waste (from photocopiers and laser printers) [1]. One important step in wastepaper recycling is the separation of ink from cellulose fibers and fillers. The efficiency of ink separation from wastepaper depends on the type of printing process, the type of ink, and the type of paper. For example, it is relatively easy to separate ink from newspaper waste; whereas, the separation of electrophotographic toners from office waste is more difficult mostly because the ink particles are fused during the printing process [2] and their surface properties change

USING BIOMASS TO DUAL FUEL A 4.5 KW DIESEL GENSET TO INVESTIGATE REDUCING WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS FOR A SMALL U.S. MUNICIPALITY

This study explores dual fueling a diesel genset with producer gas made from biosolids , wastepaper and woodchips generated at or brought into the Minoa (a village in New York) Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTP) and the possibility of a dual fueled genset and gasifier reducing the MWTP operating costs. The producer gas resulted from gasifying the biomass in a downdraft Imbert style gasifier. Gasification of woodchips was first studied in the gasifier using two different sizes and types of woodchips. It was found that the denser hardwood chips 2 cm x 2 cm x 0.6 cm gave better performance than less dense willow chips 1 cm x 1 cm x 0.15 cm. The smaller, less dense chips restricted air flow and reduced temperatures in the gasifier oxidation and reduction zones. Particle size distribution from samples taken vertically through the gasifier also indicated restriction of air and fuel flow through these zones with the smaller, lighter chips. Dual fueling of the genset with the larger, denser woodchips reduced diesel consumption by approximately 75%. Wastepaper, primarily newspaper, was then studied as gasifier fuel. It was first pulped, then the wet pulp was formed into 60 cm3 chunks, then dried and gasified. The wastepaper fuel was generally difficult to gasify because of its low density and tendency to hang up in the gasifier. Dual fueling the genset with producer gas from wastepaper only reduced diesel consumption by approximately 30%. Since wastepaper can be recycled by Minoa at no cost, gasifying its wastepaper was not recommended. Biosolids were then studied as gasifier fuel. Copious ashes were removed from the gasifier oxidation and reduction zones. Dual fueling the gasifier with producer gas from biosolids reduced diesel consumption by 70% - 90%. Biosolids first processed through a filter press then pressed into roughly 15 cm3 chunks and dried gasified easily as long as the grate was continuously agitated. By generating electricity and the potentially valuable soil amendment biochar dual fueling a diesel powered genset with producer gas generated from biomass could save Minoa more than $14580 annually

Deinking of Xerographic Wastepaper

This study was made to determine a method that would deink xerographic wastepaper effectively. The study was done in two parts, the first being a preliminary feasibility study of the deinking methods found in a literature search. The second part involved a further study of the temperature variable of the most feasible method found in the first part. The results indicated that the flotation method would deink xerographic wastepaper very effectively. Temperatures between 130oF and 190oF were used during the pretreatment stage of the flotation method but no significant change was found in deinkability

Gasification of Densified Sludge and Wastepaper in a Downdraft Packed-Bed Gasifier

The co-disposal of densified sludge and wastepaper in a co-current flow packed bed gasifier represents new application of the thermal gasification process. Advantages of this technology include lower costs than other incineration or pyrolysis technologies, simple construction and operation, and the ability to use a variety of fuels including agricultural wastes and other biomass materials in addition to densified sludge and wastepaper

CONSUMPTION RATE AND TRANSFER EFFICIENCY BY TERMITE Coptotermes sp. OF ORGANIC WASTE-BASED FOOD FOR BAIT FORMULATIONS

The potential of utilizing organic waste mixtures as food attractants for termite control were evaluated. Mixture formulations of degraded pine wood, various paper wastes, and soybean boiled water were served as food sources for termite Coptotermes sp. and determined their consumption rate and the termite food transfer efficiency. For the purpose of the study, four formulations with equally mixed materials based on their oven-dried weights were prepared. The bait formulations consisted of: (1) the mixture of degraded pine wood and HVS wastepaper, (2) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS and newsprint wastepaper, (3) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS and cardboard wastepaper, and (4) the mixture of degraded pine wood with HVS, newsprint, and cardboard wastepaper. The mixture formulations were shaped to the size of 2 cm x 2 cm x 1 cm with the target density of 0.5 g/cm3. Prior to bioassay tests, the shaped mixture formulations were dipped in the prepared soybean boiled water to have the sample moisture content of 50-70%. The termite consumption rate and food transfer efficiency were evaluated using no-choice test in the laboratory. The food transfer efficiency among termite cohorts was studied and monitored using test samples dyed with 0.1% Nile Blue A. All experimental units were placed in a dark room and kept at around 28??C and over 70% relative humidity. Results showed no significant difference on termite consumption and survival rate among the tested food formulation. However, food transfer efficiency by termites on the mixture of degraded pine wood and HVS wastepaper with the addition of soybean boiled water was higher compared to other formulations. In general, this study indicates that all of the food formulations are potential attractants for the termites, but it suggests the need of field research in order to develop effective bait formulations

The effect of flotation cell shape on deinking behaviour

Studies were undertaken to investigate the deinking behaviour of different shaped deinking cells of the same volume. For comparative purposes, most oprational variables were kept constant, and the same injector was used throughout the study. The position of the injector, however, was varied in some cases to go along with the particular cell shape being studied. Three types of cell shapes were studied, (1) cylindrical with tangential air injection, (2) rectanular with vertical injection, and (3) rectangular with horizontal injection. Eucalyptus/toner slurries and news/mag wastepaper slurries were deinked. Flow patterns in the cells and the corresponding deinking efficiencies were measured. It was found that strong and excessive re-circulatory flows within the cells could under certain conditions be a major factor in reducing brightness lift. Vertical injection into a rectangular cell gave stable flow patterns, non-wavy froth removal and sustained brightness lift for a wide range of feed and airflow rates. Horizontal injection into a similar rectangular shaped cell exhibited quite different characteristics. High brightness lift was possible for certain conditions and not for others. Wavy froth and excessive recirculation flow patterns varied with feed and airflow. The cylindrical cell with tangential injection gave stable circulatory flow and stable froth removal at low flow rates but was unable to deink at high flows

Partially carbonized wastepaper with excellent mechanical strength for oil-water and emulsion separation

Background Taking the treatment of oily sewage and the recycling of wastepaper as the starting point, the idea of using waste to treat waste was used to treat the swage with aerogels made of wastepaper. Methods Porous ultralight Fe-functionalized cellulose carbon aerogels (CPFe) were synthesized using wastepaper as raw material through FeCl3 impregnation and low-temperature carbonization. Findings CPFe aerogels exhibit excellent physicochemical properties, such as: low density (0.0284 g/cm3), high porosity (97.32%), and selective absorption capacity for various oil products. The absorption capacity of chloroform reached 62.8 g/g. In addition, it exhibits excellent capacity in emulsion separation for both o/w and w/o types. Droplet size of w/o emulsion reduced by two orders of magnitude. CPFe aerogel is a low-cost, renewable, environmentally friendly material and suitable for large-scale production. It is expected to have broad applications in pollution remediation.publishedVersio

PC image-based analysis system for particle characterization of deinked pulps

Journal ArticleA low cost PC image-based particle analysis system is being developed for particle characterization of deinked pulps at the University of Utah. Initial R&D efforts of such an image analysis system were made for on-line particle characterization in the mineral processing field but now it has been found to be applicable for the analysis of deinked pulps in the wastepaper recycling industry. Both the size and shape of ink particles in hand sheets and paper pulps for all three typical wastepaper resources (newsprint, xerographic, and magazine) can easily be determined by the image analysis system. Preliminary results indicate that the system is quite successful for the evaluation of products obtained from deinking air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) flotation tests. Quantitative analysis can give both the size and shape of ink particles for such products. In addition, the hardware and software used to implement this image analysis system are discussed. Finally, on-line instrumentation of such a system for the direct measurement of wastepaper pulp is considered as part of future research activities

Improved Useage of Recycled Board in Corrugating Medium

Research was conducted to determine the optimum furnish of corrugating medium with the intentions of increasing the amount of recycled fiber in this furnish. Furnishes were made up of various ratios of a recycled fiber source to a virgin fiber source, along with three different levels of refining. A starch additive was also used on a second set of these groups to help increase some of the properties by increasing the interfiber bonding. The results indicated that increased recycled fiber produced the sheet with the optimum conditions. Also, with an addition of starch as a dry strength additive, the results improved even better than the non starch samples