What is typology? - a short note

It is often assumed that the goal of typology is to define the notion ‘possible human language’. This view, which I call the Universalist Typology view is shared, for example, by virtually all contributors to Bynon & Shibatani’s 1995 volume Approaches to Language Typology, and by Moravscik in her review of this volume in Linguistic Typology 1 (p.105). In the following I claim that this assumption is fundamentally mistaken. To clarify the theoretical status of what is meant by ‘possible human language’, I argue here for a distinction between typological theory (theoretical typology) and grammatical theory (theoretical syntax and theoretical morphology) as distinct subdisciplines of linguistics

DETERMINING LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY BASED ON DIRECTED MOTION LEXICALIZATION PATTERNS AS A LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION: A CASE STUDY ON JAVANESE

Every language has directed motion constructions, but the lexicalization pattern of the constructions may differ from one language to another. The similarities and differences of directed motion lexicalization patterns can be used as the basis for classifying languages typologically. This paper aims to discuss how language typology can be determined based on directed motion lexicalization patterns found in a language. In this study I use the data of Javanese to examine whether Javanese can be classified into Talmy’s (1975, 1985) typology of verb-framed or satellite framed languages. Some problems and implications of this language typology will be discussed to see whether there is interaction between directed motion lexicalization patterns and other syntactic structures. The data of Javanese show that Javanese has some verb framing and satellite framing characteristics, and so language typology is not exactly definite in the sense that there are some restrictions that need to be considered

Abiotic Typology of the Rivers and Lakes of the Ukrainian Section of the Vistula River Basin and its Comparison with Results of Polish Investigations

The typology of rivers and lakes of the West Bug and San transboundary river subbasins (the Vistula River basin) was carried out. The researches were based on provisions of the EU Water Framework Directive for the surface waters typology according to the system A, implemented in Ukraine and Poland

Muscle fiber typology substantially influences time to recover from high-intensity exercise

Human fast-twitch muscle fi- bers generate high power in a short amount of time but are easily fatigued, whereas slow-twitch fibers are more fatigue resistant. The transfer of this knowledge to coaching is hampered by the invasive nature of the current evaluation of muscle typology by biopsies. Therefore, a noninvasive method was developed to estimate muscle typology through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the gastrocnemius. The aim of this study was to investigate whether male subjects with an a priori-determined fast typology (FT) are character- ized by a more pronounced Wingate exercise-induced fatigue and delayed recovery compared with subjects with a slow typology (ST). Ten subjects with an estimated higher percentage of fast-twitch fibers and 10 subjects with an estimated higher percentage of slow-twitch fibers underwent the test protocol, consisting of three 30-s all-out Wingate tests. Recovery of knee extension torque was evaluated by maximal voluntary contraction combined with electrical stimulation up to 5 h after the Wingate tests. Although both groups delivered the same mean power across all Wingates, the power drop was higher in the FT group (—61%) compared with the ST group (—41%). The torque at maximal voluntary contraction had fully recovered in the ST group after 20 min, whereas the FT group had not yet recovered 5 h into recovery. This noninvasive estimation of muscle typology can predict the extent of fatigue and time to recover following repeated all-out exercise and may have applications as a tool to individualize training and recovery cycles. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A one-fits-all training regime is present in most sports, though the same training implies different stimuli in athletes with a distinct muscle typology. Individualization of training based on this muscle typology might be important to optimize per- formance and to lower the risk for accumulated fatigue and potentially injury. When conducting research, one should keep in mind that the muscle typology of participants influences the severity of fatigue and might therefore impact the results

Jesus, Elisha, and Moses: A Study in Typology

Because the Evangelists wrote with the intention of communicating specific, theological truths to their readers, the details they include in their gospels are important. Further, one way the story of the Bible unfolds and is theologically interpreted is through the use of repetition and typology. A number of the miracle accounts of Elisha are analogous to Jesus’ own miracles as recorded in the gospels. Because of this, it is likely that the Evangelists are inviting readers to understand Jesus in light of Old Testament prophets and events, specifically as the appearance of a Prophet-like-Moses. A Jesus-Elisha typology, then, must be understood as only one strand of this more intricate prophetic typology

Curriculum Typology of Islamic Religion Education in Integrated Islamic School (Sit)

Sepuluh lima belas tahun terakhir ini berkembang pesat sekolah-sekolah yang menggunakan label Sekolah Islam Terpadu (SIT). Pada awalnya sekolah ini tumbuh di daerah perkotaan, tetapi sekarang sudah merambah ke wilayah pinggiran. Salah satunya adalah tumbuh subur di Kabupaten Tegal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tipologi kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam pada SMP IT di Kabupaten Tegal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan observasi secara langsung ke tiga sekolah. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tipologi kurikulum pendidikan agama Islam pada SMP IT di Kabupaten Tegal beragam. Setidaknya terdapat tiga varian SIT, yakni (1) SIT di bawah naungan Jaringan Sekolah Islam Terpadu (JSIT) sebagaimana dipraktekkan oleh SMP IT Luqman Al-Hakim, (2) SIT yang berhaluan aswaja sebagaimana dilaksanakan oleh SMP IT Al-Azhar, dan (3) SIT yang bersifat nasionalis Islam, sebagaimana terdapat pada SMP IT Bimantara Al-Furqon. Ketiga varian SIT tersebut memiliki perbedaan dalam implementasi kurikulum pendidikan agama Islam. SIT JSIT menerapkan kurikulum kombinasi dinas pendidikan dan kurikulum JSIT, SIT Aswaja menerapkan kurikulum dinas pendidikan dan pesantren, serta SIT Nasionalis menerapkan kombinasi kurikulum dinas pendidikan dan kurikulum yayasan

ERS Farm Typology for a Diverse Agricultural Sector

The Economic Research Service (ERS) developed a farm typology which categorizes farms into more homogeneous groups than do classifications based on sales volume alone, producing a more effective policy development tool. The typology is used to describe U.S. farms.Farm Management,