1,336,984 research outputs found

    Sodium Benzoate is Associated with Salmonella Typhi Resistant to Chloramphenicol

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    Background: There are many factors that govern growth and resistant of Salmonella typhi. A study had reported that the use of sodium benzoate caused antibiotic resistant. However, no study has directly evaluated the effect of sodium benzoate exposure on S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance or sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol after sodium benzoate exposure. Methods: The study was conducted in seven groups: three treatment groups (sodium benzoate insensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), three positive control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+8 µg/mL, 16 µg/mL, and 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol), and one negative control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+0 µg/mL of chloramphenicol). The effect of sodium benzoate exposure to S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol was measured after 24 hours. Spearman test was used to analyzed this association. Results: In this study, we found that the average S. typhi growth in the treatment groups (A, B, C) was 445 CFU/mL, 385 CFU/mL, and 171 CFU/mL, respectively. While in the positive control group (D, E, F) was not obtained any S. typhi growth. Average S. typhi growth in the negative control group was 430 CFU/mL. Discussion: We found that sodium benzoate exposure inhibited S. typhi growth and affected S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol (p<0.05). In addition, we found that 32 µg/mL chloramphenicol had the highest mean difference value, so this showed that the dose 32 µg/mL of chloramphenicol had the best effectiveness of various treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sodium benzoate exposure can inhibit S. typhi growth and cause S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol.&nbsp

    Spatial variation of salt intake in Britain and association with socioeconomic status

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    Objectives: To evaluate spatial effects of variation and social determinants of salt intake in Britain. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Great Britain. Participants: 2105 white male and female participants, aged 19–64 years, from the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2000–2001. Primary outcomes: Participants’ sodium intake measured both with a 7-day dietary record and a 24-h urine collection. By accounting for important linear and non-linear risk factors and spatial effects, the geographical difference and spatial patterns of both dietary sodium intake and 24-h urinary sodium were investigated using Bayesian geo-additive models via Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations. Results: A significant north–south pattern of sodium intake was found from posterior probability maps after controlling for important sociodemographic factors. Participants living in Scotland had a significantly higher dietary sodium intake and 24-h urinary sodium levels. Significantly higher sodium intake was also found in people with the lowest educational attainment (dietary sodium: coeff. 0.157 (90% credible intervals 0.003, 0.319), urinary sodium: 0.149 (0.024, 0.281)) and in manual occupations (urinary sodium: 0.083 (0.004, 0.160)). These coefficients indicate approximately a 5%, 9% and 4% difference in average sodium intake between socioeconomic groups. Conclusions: People living in Scotland had higher salt intake than those in England and Wales. Measures of low socioeconomic position were associated with higher levels of sodium intake, after allowing for geographic location

    Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere

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    We report high precision spectrophotometric observations of four planetary transits of HD 209458, in the region of the sodium resonance doublet at 589.3 nm. We find that the photometric dimming during transit in a bandpass centered on the sodium feature is deeper by (2.32 +/- 0.57) x 10^{-4} relative to simultaneous observations of the transit in adjacent bands. We interpret this additional dimming as absorption from sodium in the planetary atmosphere, as recently predicted from several theoretical modeling efforts. Our model for a cloudless planetary atmosphere with a solar abundance of sodium in atomic form predicts more sodium absorption than we observe. There are several possibilities that may account for this reduced amplitude, including reaction of atomic sodium into molecular gases and/or condensates, photoionization of sodium by the stellar flux, a low primordial abundance of sodium, or the presence of clouds high in the atmosphere.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures, accepted by ApJ 2001 November 1

    Integrating-sphere coating

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    Sodium chloride, used with proper solvent-dispersant combination, forms very durable reflective coatings. Several other inorganic salts, such as barium sulfate, barium carbonate, sodium fluoride, potassium chloride, sodium hexafluorosilicate, and aluminum oxide, are also suitable. Sodium chloride may also be used with other formulations to produce same type of coating

    Evaluation and Validation of clinical 4.23 T sodium MRI in animals and human: Application of oblique multi-slice spin-echo pulse sequence

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    Objective: Application of high-field 4.23 T MRI clinical imager was demonstrated for sodium-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data acquisition. Primary hypothesis: Sodium [Na] in brain is MR visible. Secondary hypothesis was, if, application of multislice spin echo (MSSE) pulse sequence at selected scan parameters can sufficiently visualize the total sodium signal as indicator of sub-clinical activity. Material and Methods: MSSE pulse sequence technique was used to simulate sodium images of human brain. For validation purpose, inversion recovery pulse sequence was validated by optimization of scan inversion time (TI). Phantom of sodium and rat brain were imaged. Sodium images were validated and compared with proton MRI images. Results: MSSE pulse technique enabled to visualize the sodium signal at optimized scan parameters. Specifically, MSSE pulse technique enabled the identification of different sodium rich areas due to their subphysiological activity in the brain, comparable with proton MRI images. Reconstruction images of brain further enhanced the power to classify the brain tissue. Intracellular sodium images of agarose-saline solution filled-tube phantom were generated by use of inversion recovery pulse sequence. Conclusion: Using MSSE pulse sequence at 4.23 T, in vivo sodium images can be generated within acceptable scan time for routine clinical brain examination for achieving better sub-physiological information as obtained from proton MRI

    Association between urinary sodium, creatinine, albumin, and long term survival in chronic kidney disease

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    Dietary sodium intake is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular risk in the general population. In patients with chronic kidney disease, sodium intake has been associated with progressive renal disease, but not independently of proteinuria. We studied the relationship between urinary sodium excretion and urinary sodium:creatinine ratio and mortality or requirement for renal replacement therapy in chronic kidney disease. Adults attending a renal clinic who had at least one 24-hour urinary sodium measurement were identified. 24-hour urinary sodium measures were collected and urinary sodium:creatinine ratio calculated. Time to renal replacement therapy or death was recorded. 423 patients were identified with mean estimated glomerular filtration rate of 48ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>. 90 patients required renal replacement therapy and 102 patients died. Mean slope decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate was -2.8ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>/year. Median follow-up was 8.5 years. Patients who died or required renal replacement therapy had significantly higher urinary sodium excretion and urinary sodium:creatinine but the association with these parameters and poor outcome was not independent of renal function, age and albuminuria. When stratified by albuminuria, urinary sodium:creatinine was a significant cumulative additional risk for mortality, even in patients with low level albuminuria. There was no association between low urinary sodium and risk, as observed in some studies. This study demonstrates an association between urinary sodium excretion and mortality in chronic kidney disease, with a cumulative relationship between sodium excretion, albuminuria and reduced survival. These data support reducing dietary sodium intake in chronic kidney disease but further study is required to determine the target sodium intake

    Effect of sodium restriction on blood pressure of unstable or uncontrolled hypertensive patients in primary care

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    BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study are: 1) to quantify sodium consumption of patients with unstable or uncontrolled hypertension, 2) to investigate if reduced sodium intake can lower BP in these patients, and 3), to assess the acceptability and feasibility of this approach. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 25 adults (age: 50+ years) with frequently elevated BP or patients with uncontrolled, uncomplicated hypertension despite drug treatment in a general practice setting. BP and salt intake (24h urinary excretion and food records) were measured at baseline and after a sodium reduced diet. RESULTS: Mean (+/- SD) systolic (SBP) over diastolic (DBP) blood pressure (mmHg) at baseline was 150.7 (+/- 9.5)/84.149 (+/- 5.6). Mean urinary sodium excretion was 146 mmo1/24h. A reduction of 28 mmol sodium excretion decreased SBP/DBP to 135.5 (+/- 13.0)/82.5 (+/- 12.8) (P < 0.001). After one month of no dietary advice, only in 48%, SBP was still <= 140 mmHg. CONCLUSION: Assessment of sodium intake using food records, 24h urine collections and probing questions to identify use of sodium containing supplements or drugs are essential for tailored advice targeted at sodium intake reduction. The results of the present study indicate that reduced sodium intake can lower BP after 4 weeks in unstable or uncontrolled hypertensive patients
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