Evaluation of Carbon Footprint During the Life-Cycle of Four Different Pipe Materials

As the world is moving to provide a better and cleaner environment for future generations, there is a critical need to quantify and try to reduce the environmental emission footprints of various industries. The construction industry, which emits a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂ ), is one of the targeted industries to decrease these emissions. Underground utility installations, especially in the development of residential communities in urban areas, are one of the largest construction projects across North America and, consequently, one primary source of emissions. Most of the pipelines in the U.S. are rapidly reaching the end of their useful service life. Now they need replacing or rehabilitating. In general, the selection of a pipeline installation method is currently solved by selecting the lowest cost method. However, with an increase in the public concerns about reducing emissions into the environment generated by human activities, other factors should be taken into account while choosing the pipe material and the installation method for a new pipeline; namely social cost, and environmental impact. The common three greenhouses gases (GHG) are CO2, methane (C4), and nitrous oxide (N₂ O). CO₂ is the GHG responsible for the greatest amount of environmental impact. This parametric study and analysis focuses on the environmental impact (quantitative analysis the CO₂ emissions) for different pipeline materials during the lifecycle of pipeline and develops a framework which will help engineers and decisionmakers to choose the most environmentally friendly pipe material with low emission installation or rehabilitation methods. The life-cycle of a pipeline can be categorized into four phases: fabrication, installation, operation, and disposal. This study focuses on four commonly used types of pipe and liners: pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) liner, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The energy consumed in the fabrication phase includes base material extraction, material production material processing, and pipe manufacturing. The major construction activities in the installation stage are transporting pipes and equipment to a job-site, excavation, loading, backfilling, compaction, and repaving. For this study, the pipeline installation analysis and consideration of CO₂ emissions have been made for three different installation methods: open cut with PCCP, pipe bursting with PVC and HDPE, and CIPP lining. The energy consumed in the operation phase includes pumping energy and pipe cleaning for maintenance. For the disposal phase, the study will consist of the energy consumed for disposing of the material of the pipes, which cannot be recycled. The objective of this study was to first quantify the carbon footprint, which has never been done for this application, and then to analyze the environmental sustainability of a 100-foot segment of pipeline during the installation, operation, and disposal phases. This study focused on a large-diameter 36-inch sewer pressure pipe operating at 100 psi internal pressure for 100-years life operation. The results show that the PVC pipe has the lowest environmental impact compared to PCCP, HDPE, or CIPP during the life-cycle of pipeline phases before and after the optimization

Galaxy formation with radiative and chemical feedback

Here we introduce GAMESH, a novel pipeline which implements self-consistent radiative and chemical feedback in a computational model of galaxy formation. By combining the cosmological chemical-evolution model GAMETE with the radiative transfer code CRASH, GAMESH can post process realistic outputs of a N-body simulation describing the redshift evolution of the forming galaxy. After introducing the GAMESH implementation and its features, we apply the code to a low-resolution N-body simulation of the Milky Way formation and we investigate the combined effects of self-consistent radiative and chemical feedback. Many physical properties, which can be directly compared with observations in the Galaxy and its surrounding satellites, are predicted by the code along the merger-tree assembly. The resulting redshift evolution of the Local Group star formation rates, reionisation and metal enrichment along with the predicted Metallicity Distribution Function of halo stars are critically compared with observations. We discuss the merits and limitations of the first release of GAMESH, also opening new directions to a full implementation of feedback processes in galaxy formation models by combining semi-analytic and numerical methods.Comment: This version has coloured figures not present in the printed version. Submitted to MNRAS, minor revision

複数の空間スケールにおけるパイプラインの破損確率とホットスポットの評価：土石流が石油パイプラインに与える連鎖的な影響を計算するための新しい総合的方法の開発

京都大学新制・課程博士博士(工学)甲第24295号工博第5068号新制||工||1791(附属図書館)京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻(主査)教授 CRUZ Ana Maria, 教授 渦岡 良介, 教授 肥後 陽介学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering)Kyoto UniversityDFA

Use of econometric models for predicting the lifetime of steam pipelines in the power industry

The object of the research were bends of steam pipelines 10CrMo9-10, in which the highest frequency of failures caused by material cracks occurs. The forecast of pipeline operation time was determined on the basis of results Rm. Applying the principles of statistical inference to forecast the trouble-free operation time of steam pipelines, mathematical models were selected that in a highly statistically significant way most reflect the actual reduction in Rm over time and determine the limit value of material exhaustion to avoid failure

A Framework for Coordinating Water Distribution System and Pavement Infrastructure M&R Based on LCCA

The disruptions the public faces daily around the world due to urban infrastructure Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) activities are having significant social, economic, and environment impacts on communities. With respect to water distribution systems, there have been millions of water main breaks in the U.S. since January 2000, with an average of nearly 700 water main breaks every day. The majority of these water utilities lie under paved roads, and the Open Cut method is the most widely used technology for repairing water main breakages. Subsequently, this continually increasing pipe breakage requires the destruction of pavements that may be in good condition and thereby results in not only untimely inconveniences to stakeholders, but can have large cost implications as well. Hence, in order to reduce the impact of pipe breakage on pavements in good condition and to minimize the user disruptions, it is essential to find a way to coordinate the M&R activities for both of these infrastructure systems. Therefore, this thesis presents a framework for coordinating pavement infrastructure and water distribution system M&R activities based on life cycle cost analysis. The proposed framework considers the costs and benefits associated with each treatment in a candidate scenario. The costs of each scenario consist of the agency costs (construction and subsequent maintenance) and the user costs incurred due to work zone activities. The benefits of each scenario are measured using monetized (savings in annual maintenance costs and vehicle operation costs due to pavement treatment and pipe valuation) and nonmonetized (treatment service life) approaches. To demonstrate the framework, three scenarios (maintenance only, rehabilitation only, and a combination of both) are considered for pavement treatments, while only replacement is considered for water pipelines. The results were evaluated using the EZStrobe discrete event simulation system. Highway agencies and water utilities can use this methodology to evaluate different scenarios and enhance the robustness of their decision-making processes

The pipeline system for Octave and Matlab (PSOM): a lightweight scripting framework and execution engine for scientific workflows

The analysis of neuroimaging databases typically involves a large number of inter-connected steps called a pipeline. The pipeline system for Octave and Matlab (PSOM) is a flexible framework for the implementation of pipelines in the form of Octave or Matlab scripts. PSOM does not introduce new language constructs to specify the steps and structure of the workflow. All steps of analysis are instead described by a regular Matlab data structure, documenting their associated command and options, as well as their input, output, and cleaned-up files. The PSOM execution engine provides a number of automated services: (1) it executes jobs in parallel on a local computing facility as long as the dependencies between jobs allow for it and sufficient resources are available; (2) it generates a comprehensive record of the pipeline stages and the history of execution, which is detailed enough to fully reproduce the analysis; (3) if an analysis is started multiple times, it executes only the parts of the pipeline that need to be reprocessed. PSOM is distributed under an open-source MIT license and can be used without restriction for academic or commercial projects. The package has no external dependencies besides Matlab or Octave, is straightforward to install and supports of variety of operating systems (Linux, Windows, Mac). We ran several benchmark experiments on a public database including 200 subjects, using a pipeline for the preprocessing of functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI). The benchmark results showed that PSOM is a powerful solution for the analysis of large databases using local or distributed computing resources

Combined Calculated, Experimental and Determinated and Probable Justifications for Strength of Trunk Crude Oil Pipelines

Within the long-term Russian and foreign practice, deterministic methods of basic strength calculations have been developed and are being developed at the design stage of long-distance pipelines. Occurring operational damages, failures, accidents, and catastrophes show there are no direct substantiations for the prevention of such emergencies in the framework of existing calculations. In order to respond to these situations, the following are developed: additional precise deterministic, static, and probabilistic calculations with linear and nonlinear criteria of deformation and fracture mechanics, complex diagnostics of the state of the pipeline using in-line pigs, and laboratory, model, bench, and field tests of pipelines with technological and operational defects. The results of systematic scientific research and applied developments are presented

Reliability engineering application to pipeline design

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the application of reliability engineering to oil and gas (O&G) pipeline systems with the aim of identifying means through which reliability engineering can be used to improve pipeline integrity, specifically with regard to man-made incidents (e.g. material/weld/equipment failure, corrosion, incorrect operation and excavation damages). Design/methodology/approach: A literature review was carried out on the application of reliability tools to O&G pipeline systems and four case studies are presented as examples of how reliability engineering can help to improve pipeline integrity. The scope of the paper is narrowed to four stages of the pipeline life cycle; the decommissioning stage is not part of this research. A survey was also carried out using a questionnaire to check the level of application of reliability tools in the O&G industry. Findings: Data from survey and literature show that a reliability-centred approach can be applied and will improve pipeline reliability where applied; however, there are several hindrances to the effective application of reliability tools, the current methods are time based and focus mainly on design against failure rather than design for reliability. Research limitations/implications: The tools identified do not cover the decommissioning of the pipeline system. Research validation sample size can be broadened to include more pipeline stakeholders/professionals. Pipeline integrity management systems are proprietary information and permission is required from stakeholders to do a detailed practical study. Originality/value: This paper proposes the minimum applied reliability tools for application during the design, operation and maintenance phases targeted at the O&G industry. Critically, this paper provides a case for an integrated approach to applying reliability and maintenance tools that are required to reduce pipeline failure incidents in the O&G industry