Islam in Kansu

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Inputs, outputs and living standards in rural China during the 1920s and 30s: a quantitative analysis

Since Kenneth Pomeranz’s Great Divergence that was published in 2000, the scholarly debate has been focused on when the divergence was likely to begin. But a lack of real data for the Pomeranz framework has been noticeable. For our purpose, real data are imperative. The primary-source data this study uses are from the first large-scale modern survey of the rural economy in China in the 1920s and 30s to establish correlations between inputs, outputs and living standards in China’s rural sector. This study views China’s traditional growth trajectory continuing from the Qing to troubled times of the 1920s and 1930s despite considerable negative externalities from a regime change. The present view is that given that the rural economy managed to hang on during the Republican Period despite many disadvantages Qing China would have performed at least at the 1920s-30s’ level. Our findings indicate that rural population did indeed eat quite well during the politically troubled time, supporting Pomeranz’s pathbreaking comparison of utility functions between China’s Yangzi Delta and Western Europe. Secondly, food consumption proved incentives for improvement in labour productivity. Thirdly, China’s peasants were rational operators to maximise their returns. Fourthly, China’s highyield farming depended on land and labour inputs along a production probability frontier, which explains the root cause of the Great Divergence. Finally, there was a ‘little divergence’ inside China which was dictated by rice production, which justifies the Yangzi Delta as the best scenario

The control of the Szechuan-Kweichow frontier regions during the late Ming : a case study of the frontier policy and tribal administration of the Ming Government

Building upon the frontier policies and the handling of tribal affairs of previous dynasties, the Ming Court systematised the t'u-ssu chieftain institution as an instrument for controlling tribal administration in southwestern China. At the same time, t'u-kuan prefectural governments in which the official status and administration were the same as those of the regular prefectural government were established. The headship of both was conferred upon chieftains, but the registrars and secretaries of the t'u-ssu government and the deputies and subordinates of the t'u-kuan government were mostly Han civil servants. After the abolition of a t'u-ssu, the Court had to consider whether the use of a fragmentation strategy or the application of kai-t'u kuei-liu was more advantageous. The former being a policy of establishing many small, weak territories ruled by new chieftains and Han officials was usually adopted for reasons of economy. The kai-t'u kuei-liu policy which led to the change from tribal to regular government and the replacement of tribal chiefs with regular officials required considerable financial investment to be successful. In carrying out this transformation, the Court achieved its two greatest successes in the establishment of Kweichow province after the suppression of the t'u-ssu governments of Ssu-chou and Ssu-nan in 1413 in the early Ming and in the creation of the two prefectures of Tsun-i and P'ing-yueh by the abolition of the Po-chou t'u-ssu government in 1601 in the late Ming. The Yang family had ruled over Po-chou for seven and a quarter centuries since 876 A.D. By following an opportunistic policy, the Yang family had maintained good feudal relations with a succession of dynastic houses. Having suffered official oppression and judicial trials from provincial authorities, the twenty-ninth ruler Yang Ying-lung revolted against the government. Displaying his antagonism towards five subordinate tribal chiefs and seven prominent local families, Yang Ying-lung confiscated their lands and property to provision his Miao troops in fighting against government forces and making raids over a wide area in northern Kweichow and southern Szechuan for several years. Thus the feudal relationship was broken and the social order severely disrupted. The local government forces failed to subjugate the uprising and the central government could not organise a new campaign because of the massive military commitment to keep Korea resist Japanese aggression. After the end of the Sino-Japanese War (1592-1598) in Korea, a government tribal united force of 240,000 was recruited to conduct a suppression campaign against Yang Ying-lung. Finally, in 1600, Ying-lung was defeated and committed suicide. Owing to the expense of the military campaigns and the request for political reforms, the Ming authorities implemented a kai-t'u kuei-liu policy. The rule by the Yang family was abolished and Po-chou was divided into two new prefectures under the jurisdiction of Szechuan and Kweichow respectively

Ten Great Years: Statistics of the Economic and Cultural Achievements of the People’s Republic of China

Ten Great Years: Statistics of the Economic and Cultural Achievements of the People’s Republic of China by the State Statistical Bureau: The aim of this book is to describe, through extensive statistical data presented systematically, the great economic and cultural achievements of the People\u27s Republic of China during the past decade, 1949 – 1958.https://cedar.wwu.edu/easpress/1020/thumbnail.jp

ISLAM DI CINA PADA MASA PEMERINTAHAN REPUBLIK NASIONALIS, 1911-1949

Masa Republik Cina merupakan masa bangkitnya umat Islam dari kemandekan yang sempat mereka alami selama lebih kurang tiga abad lamanya. Dalam periode ini, umat Islam mendapat hak yang sama sebagai warga negara. Bahkan, Dr. Sun Yat Sen –pendiri Republik Nasionalis Cina- memandang Islam sebagai salah satu unsur penting dalam tegaknya negara itu. Kondisi ini mendorong perkembangan umat Islam terjadi dalam berbagai bidang. Bidang perekonomian, misalnya, dapat kembali mereka jalankan secara leluasa. Banyaknya perguruan yang didirikan untuk memenuhi pendidikan umat Islam di Cina; berdirinya organisasi-organisasi persatuan umat Islam yang bertujuan untuk mempererat hubungan dan memajukan umat Islam, pendidikan dan politik sebagai buktinya