Stochastic Battery SOC Model of EV Community for V2G Operations Using CTA-2045 Standards

An electric vehicle (EV) battery has large energy storage capacity in the context of residential total usage, and the potential to provide large energy reserves for Home energy Management (HEM) systems. In an electric distribution system, groups of EVs could provide vehicle-to-grid (V2G) service in response to control signals and enable virtual power plant (VPP) operation of the car batteries. The CTA-2045 standards were considered for integration of the EV controls into the HEM system for maximal interoperability with other appliances, such as residential battery, electric water heater, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The power distribution system under study was modeled based on a modified IEEE 123-bus feeder test case in OpenDSS software. The availability and state of charge (SOC) of EVs were calculated based on the national household travel survey (NHTS) data following a new procedure to create synthetic communities following experimental probability density functions (PDFs). Example case studies for long and short term V2G services were completed in this paper from the perspective of the distribution system. The power flow for the distribution system, the voltages on the buses, as well as the SOCs and available energies of the EVs were calculated following the control signals on an example day

Microgrid Disaster Resiliency Analysis: Reducing Costs in Continuity of Operations (COOP) Planning

The electric grid serves a vital role in the supply chain of nearly all industrial and commercial organizations. A Microgrid infrastructure can provide this service and beneficial non-emergency services including a variety of generation/energy sources. To demonstrate the applicability of microgrids for energy resiliency, we present a microgrid resiliency case study for United Parcel Service’s (UPS) three separate shipping facilities. The goal, to enhance energy security, minimize cost and prevent cascading losses within other related business units. The impacts and consequences of which are quantified in this study using a Mean Failure Cost (MFC) risk assessment measure. MFC accounts for the potential loses to identified stakeholders that may result from a set of identified failures due to a set of identified threats. In this case, our study uses a method we call All Hazards Econometric System (AHES). AHES incorporates the cost of COOP using a strategy that considers the payback period of microgrid installation as compared to other energy delivery strategies

Robust Primary Control of Microgrids for Parametric and Topological Uncertainties: A Quest for Resilience

In this paper, a robust droop-based control structure is developed in primary level of a hierarchical control scheme for robust performance and robust stability against parametric and topological uncertainties to 1) improve the robust stability and robust performance 2) resolve drawbacks of previously reported methods. Considering droop control scheme, the conventional hierarchical control structure is developed and the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is investigated considering parametric and topological uncertainties. For the sake of drawing a picture to address how we can realize a resilient microgrid including a hierarchical control structure and providing enough robustness against mentioned uncertainties, signal disturbances, and different types of nonlinearity, some special recommendations are also provided. Finally, to prove the usefulness of the proposed controller, simulation studies are done on a microgrid which includes several distributed generation units with local loads.©2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Modeling and Real-Time Scheduling of DC Platform Supply Vessel for Fuel Efficient Operation

DC marine architecture integrated with variable speed diesel generators (DGs) has garnered the attention of the researchers primarily because of its ability to deliver fuel efficient operation. This paper aims in modeling and to autonomously perform real-time load scheduling of dc platform supply vessel (PSV) with an objective to minimize specific fuel oil consumption (SFOC) for better fuel efficiency. Focus has been on the modeling of various components and control routines, which are envisaged to be an integral part of dc PSVs. Integration with photovoltaic-based energy storage system (ESS) has been considered as an option to cater for the short time load transients. In this context, this paper proposes a real-time transient simulation scheme, which comprises of optimized generation scheduling of generators and ESS using dc optimal power flow algorithm. This framework considers real dynamics of dc PSV during various marine operations with possible contingency scenarios, such as outage of generation systems, abrupt load changes, and unavailability of ESS. The proposed modeling and control routines with real-time transient simulation scheme have been validated utilizing the real-time marine simulation platform. The results indicate that the coordinated treatment of renewable based ESS with DGs operating with optimized speed yields better fuel savings. This has been observed in improved SFOC operating trajectory for critical marine missions. Furthermore, SFOC minimization at multiple suboptimal points with its treatment in the real-time marine system is also highlighted

Power Injection Measurements are more Vulnerable to Data Integrity Attacks than Power Flow Measurements

A novel metric that describes the vulnerability of the measurements in power system to data integrity attacks is proposed. The new metric, coined vulnerability index (VuIx), leverages information theoretic measures to assess the attack effect on the fundamental limits of the disruption and detection tradeoff. The result of computing the VuIx of the measurements in the system yields an ordering of the measurements vulnerability based on the level of exposure to data integrity attacks. This new framework is used to assess the measurements vulnerability of IEEE test systems and it is observed that power injection measurements are overwhelmingly more vulnerable to data integrity attacks than power flow measurements. A detailed numerical evaluation of the VuIx values for IEEE test systems is provided.Comment: 6 pages, 9 figures, Submitted to IEEE International Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing Technologies for Smart Grid

ENERGY RESILIENCE IMPACT OF SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK DISRUPTION TO MILITARY MICROGRIDS

The ability to provide uninterrupted power to military installations is paramount in executing a country's national defense strategy. Microgrid architectures increase installation energy resilience through redundant local generation sources and the capability for grid independence. However, deliberate attacks from near-peer competitors can disrupt the associated supply chain network, thereby affecting mission-critical loads. Utilizing an integrated discrete-time Markov chain and dynamic Bayesian network approach, we investigate disruption propagation throughout a supply chain network and quantify its mission impact on an islanded microgrid. We propose a novel methodology and an associated metric we term "energy resilience impact" to identify and address supply-chain disruption risks to energy security. A case study of a fictional military installation is presented to demonstrate how installation energy managers can adopt this methodology for the design and improvement of military microgrids.Outstanding ThesisLieutenant, United States NavyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

An information theoretic vulnerability metric for data integrity attacks on smart grids

A novel metric that describes the vulnerability of the measurements in power systems to data integrity attacks is proposed. The new metric, coined vulnerability index (VuIx), leverages information theoretic measures to assess the attack effect on the fundamental limits of the disruption and detection tradeoff. The result of computing the VuIx of the measurements in the system yields an ordering of their vulnerability based on the level of exposure to data integrity attacks. This new framework is used to assess the measurement vulnerability of IEEE 9-bus and 30-bus test systems and it is observed that power injection measurements are overwhelmingly more vulnerable to data integrity attacks than power flow measurements. A detailed numerical evaluation of the VuIx values for IEEE test systems is provided.Comment: 7 pages, 10 figures, submitted to IET Smart Grid. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2207.0697

Consensus and Clustering of Expressed and Private Opinions in Dynamical Networks Against Attacks

A continuous-time opinion dynamics with both expressed and private opinions on a given topic is introduced. An opinion consensus strategy is proposed to achieve resilience consensus against Byzantine attacks in dynamical networks. Necessary and sufficient criteria are established for guaranteeing consensus among normal nodes when the attacks are bounded in each neighborhood of normal nodes. A modification that allows opinion clustering, featuring nonglobal consensus, is presented. Numerical examples are worked out to illustrate the effectiveness of our theoretical results