E-scooter regulation: The micro-politics of market-making for micro-mobility in Bergen

Micro-mobility market-making represents an under-studied but important aspect of urban transport sustainability transitions. Micro-mobility roll-out combines several critical elements: decarbonisation, digitalisation and public space interventions. We theorise the emergence of a micro-mobility market, drawing on innovation studies, micro-politics scholarship and commoning mobility literature, and critically discuss the relationship between innovation and regulation in this emerging market. We examine e-scooter roll-out in Bergen, Norway, using a structured analysis that interrogates knowledge, authority and power. Our empirical analysis employs expert interviews and focus group discussions with key transport sector stakeholders, including policymakers, practitioners and urban residents. We discuss insights in terms of implications for how micro-mobility markets are made and in turn make urban transport sustainability transitions. We argue that while micro-mobility can enable just low-carbon mobility transitions, market forces drive outcomes that may undermine urban sustainability agendas. We identify scope for dynamic regulation to engender low-carbon mobility in wider public interest.publishedVersio

Mobile Networking

We point out the different performance problems that need to be addressed when considering mobility in IP networks. We also define the reference architecture and present a framework to classify the different solutions for mobility management in IP networks. The performance of the major candidate micro-mobility solutions is evaluated for both real-time (UDP) and data (TCP) traffic through simulation and by means of an analytical model. Using these models we compare the performance of different mobility management schemes for different data and real-time services and the network resources that are needed for it. We point out the problems of TCP in wireless environments and review some proposed enhancements to TCP that aim at improving TCP performance. We make a detailed study of how some of micro-mobility protocols namely Cellular IP, Hawaii and Hierarchical Mobile IP affect the behavior of TCP and their interaction with the MAC layer. We investigate the impact of handoffs on TCP by means of simulation traces that show the evolution of segments and acknowledgments during handoffs.Publicad

E-scooter regulation: The micro-politics of market-making for micro-mobility in Bergen

Micro-mobility market-making represents an under-studied but important aspect of urban transport sustainability transitions. Micro-mobility roll-out combines several critical elements: decarbonisation, digitalisation and public space interventions. We theorise the emergence of a micro-mobility market, drawing on innovation studies, micro-politics scholarship and commoning mobility literature, and critically discuss the relationship between innovation and regulation in this emerging market. We examine e-scooter roll-out in Bergen, Norway, using a structured analysis that interrogates knowledge, authority and power. Our empirical analysis employs expert interviews and focus group discussions with key transport sector stakeholders, including policymakers, practitioners and urban residents. We discuss insights in terms of implications for how micro-mobility markets are made and in turn make urban transport sustainability transitions. We argue that while micro-mobility can enable just low-carbon mobility transitions, market forces drive outcomes that may undermine urban sustainability agendas. We identify scope for dynamic regulation to engender low-carbon mobility in wider public interest.publishedVersio

Efficient Micro-Mobility using Intra-domain Multicast-based Mechanisms (M&M)

One of the most important metrics in the design of IP mobility protocols is the handover performance. The current Mobile IP (MIP) standard has been shown to exhibit poor handover performance. Most other work attempts to modify MIP to slightly improve its efficiency, while others propose complex techniques to replace MIP. Rather than taking these approaches, we instead propose a new architecture for providing efficient and smooth handover, while being able to co-exist and inter-operate with other technologies. Specifically, we propose an intra-domain multicast-based mobility architecture, where a visiting mobile is assigned a multicast address to use while moving within a domain. Efficient handover is achieved using standard multicast join/prune mechanisms. Two approaches are proposed and contrasted. The first introduces the concept proxy-based mobility, while the other uses algorithmic mapping to obtain the multicast address of visiting mobiles. We show that the algorithmic mapping approach has several advantages over the proxy approach, and provide mechanisms to support it. Network simulation (using NS-2) is used to evaluate our scheme and compare it to other routing-based micro-mobility schemes - CIP and HAWAII. The proactive handover results show that both M&M and CIP shows low handoff delay and packet reordering depth as compared to HAWAII. The reason for M&M's comparable performance with CIP is that both use bi-cast in proactive handover. The M&M, however, handles multiple border routers in a domain, where CIP fails. We also provide a handover algorithm leveraging the proactive path setup capability of M&M, which is expected to outperform CIP in case of reactive handover.Comment: 12 pages, 11 figure

A data-driven framework for the safe integration of micro-mobility into the transport system: Comparing bicycles and e-scooters in field trials

Introduction: Recent advances in technology create new opportunities for micro-mobility solutions even as they pose new challenges to transport safety. For instance, in the last few years, e-scooters have become increasingly popular in several cities worldwide; however, in many cases, the municipalities were simply unprepared for the new competition for urban space between traditional road users and e-scooters, so that bans became a necessary, albeit drastic, solution. In many countries, traditional vehicles (such as bicycles) may not be intrinsically safer than e-scooters but are considered less of a safety threat, possibly because—for cyclists—social norms, traffic regulations, and access to infrastructure are established, reducing the number of negative stakeholders. Understanding e-scooter kinematics and e-scooterist behavior may help resolve conflicts among road users, by favoring a data-driven integration of these new e-vehicles into the transport system. In fact, regulations and solutions supported by data are more likely to be acceptable and effective for all stakeholders. As new personal-mobility solutions enter the market, e-scooters may just be the beginning of a micro-mobility revolution. Method: This paper introduces a framework (including planning, execution, analysis, and modeling) for a data-driven evaluation of micro-mobility vehicles. The framework leverages our experience assessing bicycle dynamics in real traffic to make objective and subjective comparisons across different micro-mobility solutions. In this paper, we use the framework to compare bicycles and e-scooters in field tests. Results: The preliminary results show that e-scooters may be more maneuverable and comfortable than bicycles, although the former require longer braking distances. Practical Applications: Data collected from e-scooters may, in the short term, facilitate policy making, geo-fencing solutions, and education; in the long run, the same data will promote the integration of e-scooters into a cooperative transport system in which connected automated vehicles share the urban space with micro-mobility vehicles. Finally, the framework and the models presented in this paper may serve as a reference for the future assessment of new micro-mobility vehicles and their users’ behavior (although advances in technology and novel micro-mobility solutions will inevitably require some adjustments)

Hybrid CIP/M&M for micro-mobility management under the multilayer wireless network

[[abstract]]We reference the EVOLUTE [1] (Information Society Technologies, 1ST project) that mingles Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) with Mobile IP (MIP) to support macro-mobility management and provide seamless multimedia services for roaming users. In the part of micro-mobility, we utilize Multicast-based mobility (M&M) to assist with Cellular IP (CIP) infrastructure. They cooperate not only provide fast handoff and deal with various kinds of handoff, but also suit the macro-mobility management (proposed by Evolutes) to support real time and non-real time data flows.[[sponsorship]]IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Distributed Processing (TCDP); Tamkung University[[notice]]補正完畢[[conferencetype]]國際[[conferencetkucampus]]淡水校園[[conferencedate]]20050328~20050330[[booktype]]紙本[[iscallforpapers]]Y[[conferencelocation]]臺北縣, 臺

Inter-subnet localized mobility support for host identity protocol

Host identity protocol (HIP) has security support to enable secured mobility and multihoming, both of which are essential for future Internet applications. Compared to end host mobility and multihoming with HIP, existing HIP-based micro-mobility solutions have optimized handover performance by reducing location update delay. However, all these mobility solutions are client-based mobility solutions. We observe that another fundamental issue with end host mobility and multihoming extension for HIP and HIP-based micro-mobility solutions is that handover delay can be excessive unless the support for network-based micro-mobility is strengthened. In this study, we co-locate a new functional entity, subnet-rendezvous server, at the access routers to provide mobility to HIP host. We present the architectural elements of the framework and show through discussion and simulation results that our proposed scheme has achieved negligible handover latency and little packet loss

Compound Impact on Private and Public Transport Network Performance on Integration of New Forms of Mobility

Continued evolutions in autonomous drive technologies and pandemic leading to a boom in micro-mobility usage make these new forms of mobility an integral part of investigative research to assess their impacts on transportation networks. This research thesis examines their impacts in terms of: quantification of the penetration rate of autonomous vehicles (AVs), the influence of physical characteristics of the urban road network on macroscopic fundamental parameters in heterogeneous traffic stream, inequities in travel costs equilibrium, assessment of public transport (PuT) network vulnerability against random service disruptions and importance of topography for accurate provision of micro-mobility services. Some benefits for 25-35% inclusion of AVs include enhanced network capacity, improvement in travel time, decrement in travel equilibrium costs. Whereas, the integrated micro-mobility modes reduce the commuter’s dis-utility and perceived journey times by 7.14% in case of disruptions. However, the spill-over effects are to watch out for

Choice f micro-mobility: Case studies of ta public bicycle sharing system in New Zealand

This study considers how to improve understanding of sustainable urban transport planning from the perspective of the Central Business District (CBD) redevelopment process for two cities, Hamilton and Christchurch in New Zealand (NZ). The most proportion of ‘Public Bicycle Share Schemes’ operate in densely populated cities as these are characterized by limited modal accessibility but high population density in the urban CBD. This situation is similar to NZ’s two medium-sized cities, in each of which the city’s population density is constantly increasing in the past years. In this study, Multinomial and Mixed Logistic regression models were used to determine the model specification, and subsequently, to test the mode choice cross-elasticities for promoting greater use of the bicycle sharing system in conjunction with public transport service. The data were gathered using stated preference surveys from 486 New Zealanders, and the modeling results indicate that the potential improvement in a modal shift towards micro-mobility, which can be enhanced by applying different policy options

A Brief Review of the Literature on Earnings Mobility in Developing Countries

[Excerpt] The literature on income and earnings mobility falls into three categories: 1. Macro mobility studies address the entire economy. They ask the question, how much income mobility and/or earnings mobility is there in the economy? 2. A second group of studies, micro mobility studies, examines patterns of income and earnings change over time for different individuals or groups. They ask the questions, which individuals or households experience movements of what magnitudes, and what are the correlates and determinants of these movements? 3. Within the micro mobility studies are a number of studies that look specifically at poverty dynamics. These studies ask the question, how many households move into and out of poverty within a certain time frame and what are the correlates and determinants of these movements? The current project asks the following questions about earnings mobility: * Who benefits the most from the growth process, and how much do they benefit? * Who is left behind or made more vulnerable? * Who is hurt when economic decline takes place and by how much (and who can withstand or even see income gains in such environments)? * What are the forces behind these changes and behind the experiences of different groups of individuals? Given these questions, this literature review focuses on studies of micro earnings mobility. This review excludes a number other literatures: studies that present transition matrices across income classes; studies of macro mobility; studies of poverty dynamics, which necessarily are based on data on household incomes from all sources and/or household consumption; studies that use pseudo-panels rather than true panels or retrospective data; and studies using data from one or a very small number of villages, cities, or occupational groups