Health of Urban Women with Respect of HIV Infection: A Case Study in Dakshina Kannada

In Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), the HIV virus attacks the immune system, which defends the human body against pathogens. When there is balance against the immune system, the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) become more susceptible to opportunistic infections (OIs). With the bodies immune system is not capable of defending itself against Opportunistic Infections, the PLHA ultimately submit to them. In developed countries, the cost of antiretroviral (ARVs) has been borne completely by the state; as a result, there has been a decrease in the number of deaths on account of HIV in the past 15 years. On the other hand, the number of deaths in developing countries due to HIV continues. In this paper, the researchers have made an attempt to examine the status of health of women in urban areas with respect to HIV infection. With this specific aim tried to know the reasons for the HIV/AIDs infection and its effect, consequence on women health particularly. By adopting field survey, interview and case studies methods, 50 samples have been taken and analyzed them systematically

ABCD Analysis of Task Shifting – An optimum Alternative Solution to Professional Healthcare Personnel Shortage

Task shifting is an optimum alternate solution in the healthcare system to address the acute shortage of professionally qualified healthcare workers in developing countries. This will temporarily help in solving the big problem of providing quality and timely health services to the needy people. Despite many trained health care professionals, our health care system is struggling to provide optimum services to the patients due to many reasons including the high burden of infectious diseases, emigration of trained professionals, difficult working conditions, and low motivation by country governments. Even though, the permanent solution to this problem is to create more professional doctors by increasing training courses, training facilities through modifying government policies and enhancing resources to do so, such actions and resultant solutions take a long time to realize in practice. Hence a quick optimum solution is needed to address the critical shortage of trained healthcare professionals. It is logically argued and in many places practically proven that out of many alternatives, the best alternative for healthcare executives in any hospital of primary health centres is the strategic decision of thinking and implementing the so called strategy of task-shifting. In this paper, we have analysed the process of task-shifting by considering its advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages using an analysing technique called ABCD analysing framework. As per the ABCD framework, the various determinant issues of related to the task shifting for organizational health service performance are identified using focus group method are : (1) Organizational Issue, (2) Alternative Acceptors Issue, (3) Donor Physicians Issue, (4) Patients and Relatives Issue (5) Societal Issue, and (6) Country Issue. Each determinant issue has sub-issues called key attributes used for analyzing the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages which are the four major constructs of the framework. The factors affecting the various determinant issues of for task shifting for each key issues under four constructs are derived and 172 critical constituent elements (CCE) of these factors are listed under the ABCD constructs

Usefulness of Various Peripheral Blood Leukocyte Count ratios in Malaria Evaluation

Malaria is a major public health problem in India. Changes in blood cell counts are a well-known feature of malaria. Hence an attempt has been made to assess the role of leucocyte ratios in malaria as predictors of malaria infection and its clinical severity. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study was carried out in a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 2 months. A total of 171 samples and 48 controls were included in the study. All the absolute and differential white blood cell counts were done. The neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR), monocyte-lymphocyte count ratio (MLCR) and monocyte-neutrophil count ratio (MNCR) were calculated by using the absolute neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte count respectively. The results were analyzed statistically using SPSS software for windows. Results: Among 171 cases 145(84.8%), 19(11.1%), 7(4.1%) were Pl. vivax, Pl. falciparum and mixed malaria respectively. 52 cases were severe and 119 were non-severe. 52, 45, 47, 27 were parasitemia grade 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. NLCR, MLCR and MNCR showed a sensitivity of 60.8%, 71.7%, 70.8% and specificity of 43.8%, 60.4%, and 56.3% respectively in malaria diagnosis. There was no association of NLCR, MLCR, MNCR with the type and severity of malaria. NLCR, MNCR correlated with varying grade of parasitemia. Conclusion: The results show the ratios NLCR, MLCR and MNCR have a better sensitivity but less specificity. The sensitivity and specificity for MLCR are the highest and can be used as a supportive to a screening test. The ratios can be used to show the presence of malaria parasite but there is no association with the type and severity of malaria. MLCR is a good predictor of malarial presence. NLCR and MNCR are associated with parasitemia

International Journal of Health Sciences and Pharmacy (IJHSP)

In Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic, today has become not only a public health issue but also one that is seriously affecting the dynamics of the social, cultural, economic and developmental pace of the society. India has a population of 1.2 billion people, around half of whom are adults in the sexually active age group. The first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986 and since then HIV infection has been reported in all states and union territories. Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS, 2009 People living with HIV/AIDS is 2.39 million. Adult (15 years or above) HIV prevalence is 0.31%. Previously it was thought that around 5 million people were living with HIV in India - more than in any other country. Better data, including the results of a national household survey conducted in 2005-2006, led to a major revision of the prevalence estimate in July 2007. It is now thought that around 2.39 million people in India are living with HIV. Of these, an estimated 39% are female and 4 % are children. HIV prevalence in India may have declined slightly in recent years, though the epidemic is still growing in some regions and population groups. AIDS the killer diseases of the century is spreading with enormous rapidly and has now emerged as serious socio-economic and public health problems. The aim of the study is to find out changing scenario of Health Problems due to HIV infection. The objectives are to find out the socio-economic background of the respondents and to know the health issues of the positive people. The fifty samples 25 male and 25 female were selected from ART centre of Dakshina Kannada Districts at Karnataka State, India for this study

Mixed Mucinous and Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of Male Breast: A Rare Case Report

Male breast carcinoma is a rare entity. Here, we present a case of mixed mucinous carcinoma i.e. composite mucinous carcinoma with infiltrating ductal carcinoma component in a 55 year old man. Patient clinically presented with a lump in his right breast. Histopathological examination of the breast mass showed tumor cells arranged in nests, cords, cribriform pattern in a mucinous stroma and a part of tumor was showing features of infiltrating ductal carcinoma with desmoplastic stroma

The Correlation between Self –Esteem nd English Learning Achievement of the First Year English Education Department Students at Mulawarman University

This study aimed to find out the correlation between students’ self-esteem and English learning achievement of the first-year English Education Department Students at Mulawarman University.  The method used in this study was quantitative research which was designed in a correlational study. The total sampling method was used to take the samples, where it was the same with the numbers of population (86 students). The samples were the first-year students of the English Department from three classes. Self-Esteem Questionnaire (QSE) was adopted from Hyde (1979), which was used to find students’ self-esteem. Cumulative scores related to English courses in the first semester were used to find students’ English learning achievement. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were used to analyze the data. The mean score for students’ self-esteem was 75.59, it indicated that the level of self-esteem was vulnerable. While the mean score for students’ English learning achievement was 3.24 which was categorized as Good. The calculation using the Pearson Product Moment showed the r-value was .185 and it was lower than r-table 0.212 with the level of probability (p) significance (sig.2-tailed) was .089 and it was higher than 0.05. It indicated that there was no significant correlation between self-esteem and English learning achievement. The different results were found between English skills subjects and non-English skills subjects with students’ self-esteem. There was a positive slight significant correlation between self-esteem and the subject of English skills, while there was no significant correlation between self-esteem and non-English skills subject

The Correlation between Self –Esteem nd English Learning Achievement of the First Year English Education Department Students at Mulawarman University

This study aimed to find out the correlation between students’ self-esteem and English learning achievement of the first-year English Education Department Students at Mulawarman University.  The method used in this study was quantitative research which was designed in a correlational study. The total sampling method was used to take the samples, where it was the same with the numbers of population (86 students). The samples were the first-year students of the English Department from three classes. Self-Esteem Questionnaire (QSE) was adopted from Hyde (1979), which was used to find students’ self-esteem. Cumulative scores related to English courses in the first semester were used to find students’ English learning achievement. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were used to analyze the data. The mean score for students’ self-esteem was 75.59, it indicated that the level of self-esteem was vulnerable. While the mean score for students’ English learning achievement was 3.24 which was categorized as Good. The calculation using the Pearson Product Moment showed the r-value was .185 and it was lower than r-table 0.212 with the level of probability (p) significance (sig.2-tailed) was .089 and it was higher than 0.05. It indicated that there was no significant correlation between self-esteem and English learning achievement. The different results were found between English skills subjects and non-English skills subjects with students’ self-esteem. There was a positive slight significant correlation between self-esteem and the subject of English skills, while there was no significant correlation between self-esteem and non-English skills subject