Development of Standardized Ethanol Extract of Fraxinus Griffithii as CNS Depressant

Background: Fraxinus griffithii has been widely used as CNS depressant. Its activity based on both empirical and preclinical data. However, standardization on raw material and process of extraction have not been conducted. Methods: Extraction of Fraxinus griffithii was conducted on different part of plants, as well as different solvents and extraction methods. Each extract was standardized both on specific and nonspecific parameters. Additionally, phenobarbital induced sleeping time test was performed on each extract. Results: Leaves of F. griffithii extracted with 70% ethanol by kinetic maceration yielded the highest extract. CNS depressant activity of 70% ethanol extract obtained from F. griffithii leaves by kinetic maceration was the highest compared to the others. Conclusion: All of the extracts have CNS depressant activity, but extract from the leaves, produced by 70% ethanol and kinetic maceration had the optimal activity and quality

Evaluating the impact of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in Trentino (Alps, Northern Italy): first investigations

The spread of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has been causing great concern regarding the survival of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) throughout Europe since the 1990s. The disease was first recorded in Trentino (southern Alps, Italy) in 2012 and has spread throughout the mountain landscape, where ash trees are scattered in small and isolated stands in different valleys. The status of the disease was checked by monitoring the damage to natural regeneration and adult trees in 90 sites spread over the whole region. The survey confirmed the complete colonization by the pathogen of the whole investigated area, with high levels of damage to both young and adult ash trees. Regeneration (both seedlings and saplings) was observed to be affected by the fungus in 88 plots out of 90. Out of 4486 examined young European ashes, 2261 (50.4%) were affected and 789 (17.6%) were already dead. Ten of the 384 assayed flowering ashes (Fraxinus ornus) showed symptoms on branches and apical stems, similar to those observed for European ash. Isolation and molecular analysis proved the presence of the fungus on both symptomatic European and flowering ashes. The examined 386 adult trees showed different levels of damage, sometimes reaching more than 75% of the crown. Some individual trees (42) growing close to severely damaged trees appeared fully healthy, which suggests the possible existence of some resistant/tolerant individuals in the examined populations

Fungal community survey of Fraxinus excelior in New Zealand

The European Ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) is widely grown throughout Europe. As a large deciduous tree species, it grows a tall, domed crown and has an attractive tree shape, so it is considered as a popular amenity tree species. European Ash is planted as an important forestry species in some European countries, and also often used for furniture making, due to its excellent wood quality. Ash species were introduced into New Zealand upon colonization in the 1800s. Recently, ash trees throughout Europe have been observed to become damaged or die due to a severe disease known as ash dieback, caused by the fungus Chalara fraxinea. We are concerned about what will happen to the introduced ash tree in New Zealand. To our knowledge, there have been no studies on the fungi that inhabit ash trees in New Zealand. It is unknown which fungal species were present in ash at the time of the introduction to New Zealand, or which New Zealand fungi colonized ash tree after the introduction. Currently, ash dieback is not believed to be present in New Zealand. The aim of this project was to determine the possible fungal communities on ash trees in New Zealand. We collected bark, bud and wood from three healthy ash trees, and used DNA-based methods to identify the fungi that inhabited these trees. We compared our study with a similar Swedish study to find differences and similarities in the fungi present on New Zealand and European ash trees. In total, we found 90 different fungal species. Of these species found, seven fungi could be species that came to New Zealand with the introduced ash tree. We also found one fungus that could possibly be said to have come from New Zealand. The pathogen causing ash dieback, Chalara fraxinea, was not detected

Changes in foliar nutrient content and resorption in Fraxinus excelsior L., Ulmus minor Mill. and Clematis vitalba L. after prevention of floods

This paper focuses on the impact of flood on tree mineral nutrition through measurement of resorption (i.e. transfer of nutrients from leaves to perennial organs). Nutrient (N, P, K, Mg, Ca) concentrations in leaves of three representative species, Fraxinus excelsior L., Ulmus minor Mill. and Clematis vitalba L. were measured before and after abscission on flooded and unflooded hardwood forests of the upper Rhine plain. The nutrient concentrations in the soils, which were measured in the top layer of the study sites, were higher in the flooded sites for P but slightly lower for N and K, and identical at both types of site for Ca and Mg. The summer foliage concentrations were higher for N and P in the flooded areas, and probably related to the flooding process, which contributes to regular nutrient inputs in the flooded forest, causes high fluctuations of water level and increases bioavailability of certain nutrients. Resorption occurred for all nutrients in the three species, and was higher for N, P and K (40-70 %) than for Ca and Mg (0-45 %), but not significantly different at the two sites. This paper stresses the variability of the test species response (nutrient content and resorption) to the soil and flood water nutrient sources, and tries to specify parameters which control resorption, i.e. soil fertility, tree species or flood stress. © 1999 Inra/Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS

Stand Dynamics and Disturbance History of Champlain Valley Clayplain Forests

Studies of stand dynamics can explain how species interactions and disturbances drive forest structure and recruitment patterns of tree species. It is difficult to generate an understanding of stand dynamics and successional trends of forests in areas that have a long history of intense land use such as the Champlain Valley of Vermont, where over 230 years of agricultural activity has acutely and permanently influenced the landscape. The valley clayplain forest, a rare natural community containing endangered herbaceous plants and overstory tree species assemblages that are rare in Vermont, has been fragmented by agricultural use of the Champlain Valley. This study used dendroecological methods and assessments of forest structural conditions to describe the tree recruitment history and structural dynamics of two old-growth valley clayplain forest patches. Our results indicate that the valley clayplain forest has a species composition and recruitment history that has been heavily influenced by human land use throughout at least the past 230 years. We found that Quercus spp., typically considered characteristic of the valley clayplain forest, are being replaced by late-successional species such as Tsuga canadensis. Additionally, other human influences such as invasive species threaten to further alter the composition and dynamics of valley clayplain forests in the near future

Frost and Forest Stand Effects on the Population Dynamics of Asplenium scolopendrium

Our objective was to analyze which factors are critical for the dynamics of terrestrial Asplenium scolopendrium populations at the northern edge of its distribution. Therefore, a long-term study (1978–1999) on the performance and demography of this fern species has been carried out in three different forest stands (Picea sitchensis with Fagus sylvatica, P. sitchensis with thinning, and Fraxinus excelsior) in the Netherlands. We used the recorded demographic data to parameterize 37 transition matrices. The number of frost days in severe winters correlated closely with frond damage and resulted in increased mortality and retrogression. Landslip on the trench banks and intraspecific competition were also found to increase mortality. In the F. excelsior plot, plants grew faster and bigger, produced more fronds and formed a more closed fern cover than in the P. sitchensis stands, likely due to higher light levels. Life-table response experiments revealed that reproduction contributed greatly to the differences in projected population growth rates: reproduction was importantly higher in the F. excelsior and in the thinned P. sitchensis plots than in the P. sitchensis–F. sylvatica plot. These differences can be attributed to an initial difference in light climate and to the accumulation of F. sylvatica litter which reduced recruitment. Recruitment occurred on bare soil but also in open moss carpets. We expect that the fern Asplenium scolopendrium will profit at its northern distribution edge when severe winters will occur less frequently, which is one of the expectations for global climate change

Effects of Visual Silhouette, Leaf Size and Host Species on Feeding Preference by Adult Emerald Ash Borer, \u3ci\u3eAgrilus Planipennis\u3c/i\u3e Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is an invasive species recently established in North America. In large arena bioassays, when given a choice among live green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh and artificial ash saplings that were hidden or exposed from view, beetles preferred live trees (either visible or hidden) compared to artificial trees that had similar visual silhouettes, confirming that olfactory cues are used to locate hosts. Examination of the effect of leaf size revealed that large leaves attracted more beetles than medium-sized leaves that in turn attracted more beetles than small leaves of the same age. Beetles also consumed more of the large leaves in terms of total leaf area than either medium or small leaves, but the proportion of foliage that beetles consumed relative to total available leaf area, did not differ. When newly emerged adults were fed on green and Manchurian ash, Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., foliage in a no- choice assay, beetles that were given green ash consumed significantly more foliage compared to those that fed on Manchurian ash, but neither longevity nor beetle body weight differed. Our results suggest that while beetles might use olfactory cues to identify suitable hosts, visual cues also play a role in landing and feeding behavior. Manchurian ash might have greater nutritive value or resistance than green ash, necessitating lower consumption and therefore less damage in nature

Effects of the antiozonant ethylenediurea (EDU) on Fraxinus ornus L.. The role of drought

Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a synthetic chemical known to protect plants from the phytotoxic effects of tropospheric ozone (O3). Although many studies have proposed the use of EDU for studying the O3 effects under field conditions, its mechanism of action is not fully understood, and it is unclear whether it exerts a specific antiozonant action, or if it may also interact with other oxidative stresses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of EDU on forest species in a Mediterranean environment where, during summer, vegetation is exposed to multiple oxidative stresses, such as O3 and drought. The experiment was conducted on Fraxinus ornus L. (Manna ash) plants growing in six mesocosms, three maintained under full irrigation, while the other three were subjected to drought for 84 days. In each mesocosm, three plants were sprayed every 15 days with 450 ppm EDU. Gas exchange and chlorophyll "a" fluorescence measurements carried out through the experimental period highlighted that EDU did not affect stomatal conductance and had an ameliorative effect on the functionality of drought-stressed plants, thus suggesting that it may act as a generic antioxidant. The implications of these findings for the applicability of EDU in field studies are discussed