Transaminase Enzyme and Liver Histological Profile of Mice Administered Extract of Pegagan (Centella Asiatica (L.) Urban)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether pegagan caused toxic effects on the liver. This study used completely randomized design with four treatments, ie 125, 200, 275 mg/kg BW and control, each treatment consisting of six replicates. Variables observed were the level of GPT, GOT and histological profile of liver. GPT and GOT levels were analyzed by analysis of single variant of 0.05. Histological picture of the liver include central venous dilation, inflammation, and damage to the structure of liver cells were performed by descriptive evaluation. Pegagan leaf extract did not show significant effect on GPT and GOT level in the liver of mice, whereas the histology results did not reveal any visible damage to liver cells in each dose. Administration of pegagan extract up to dose of 275 mg/kg BW was safe and would not cause damage to the liver cells

PCR-RFLP Using BseDI Enzyme for Pork Authentication in Sausage and Nugget Products

A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using BseDI restriction enzyme had been applied for identifying the presence of pork in processed meat (beef sausage and chicken nugget) including before and after frying. Pork sample in various levels (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 25 %) was prepared in a mixture with beef and chicken meats and processed for sausage and nugget. The primers CYTb1 and CYTb2 were designed in the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and PCR successfully amplified fragments of 359 bp. To distinguish existence of porcine species, the amplified PCR products of mitochondrial DNA were cut by BseDI restriction enzyme. The result showed pig mitochondrial DNA was cut into 131 and 228 bp fragments. The PCR-RFLP species identification assay yielded excellent results for identification of porcine species. It is a potentially reliable technique for pork detection in animal food processed products for Halal authentication

Scouting Enzyme Behavior

Experimental exploration of enzymatic response in a multi-dimensional context faces the challenge of an explosive number of possible milieu conditions. We address this problem with an evolutionary search strategy that scouts the physiochemical milieu space for unanticipated enzyme behavior and rewards the discovery of experimental conditions that yield surprises

The role of the enzyme in the succinate-enzyme-fumarate equilibrium

The following is an account of an investigation into the role of the enzyme in the succinate-enzyme-fumarate equilibrium. The method consisted in the comparison of the value of the free energy change in this reaction obtained from oxidation-reduction potentials, with that calculated from the entropies and other physicochemical properties of succinic acid and fumaric acid

Partitioning of starter bacteria and added exogenous enzyme activities between curd and whey during Cheddar cheese manufacture

peer-reviewedPartitioning of starter bacteria and enzyme activities was investigated at different stages of Cheddar cheese manufacture using three exogenous commercial enzyme preparations added to milk or at salting. The enzyme preparations used were: Accelase AM317, Accelase AHC50, Accelerzyme CPG. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that AHC50 or AM317 consisted of permeabilised or dead cells and contained a range of enzyme activities. The CPG preparation contained only carboxypeptidase activity. Approximately 90% of starter bacteria cells partitioned with the curd at whey drainage. However, key enzyme activities partitioned with the bulk whey in the range of 22%–90%. An increased level of enzyme partitioning with the curd was observed for AHC50 which was added at salting, indicating that the mode of addition influenced partitioning. These findings suggest that further scope exists to optimise both bacterial and exogenous enzyme incorporation into cheese curd to accelerate ripening.Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marin

The protein cost of metabolic fluxes: prediction from enzymatic rate laws and cost minimization

Bacterial growth depends crucially on metabolic fluxes, which are limited by the cell's capacity to maintain metabolic enzymes. The necessary enzyme amount per unit flux is a major determinant of metabolic strategies both in evolution and bioengineering. It depends on enzyme parameters (such as kcat and KM constants), but also on metabolite concentrations. Moreover, similar amounts of different enzymes might incur different costs for the cell, depending on enzyme-specific properties such as protein size and half-life. Here, we developed enzyme cost minimization (ECM), a scalable method for computing enzyme amounts that support a given metabolic flux at a minimal protein cost. The complex interplay of enzyme and metabolite concentrations, e.g. through thermodynamic driving forces and enzyme saturation, would make it hard to solve this optimization problem directly. By treating enzyme cost as a function of metabolite levels, we formulated ECM as a numerically tractable, convex optimization problem. Its tiered approach allows for building models at different levels of detail, depending on the amount of available data. Validating our method with measured metabolite and protein levels in E. coli central metabolism, we found typical prediction fold errors of 3.8 and 2.7, respectively, for the two kinds of data. ECM can be used to predict enzyme levels and protein cost in natural and engineered pathways, establishes a direct connection between protein cost and thermodynamics, and provides a physically plausible and computationally tractable way to include enzyme kinetics into constraint-based metabolic models, where kinetics have usually been ignored or oversimplified

Cholecystitis & An Enzyme Study

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder that develops in short time usually when gallstone obstructs the cystic duct. Patients over the passage of time land to chronic cholecystitis. They have an abnormal liver function test with clinical features suggestive of gall bladder disease. Therefore, systematic step by step reviews of various investigations are important in diagnosis of gall bladder disease. The first step includes clinical evaluation of the patient followed by estimation of enzyme markers.. The seriousness of disease can be estimated from combined information of clinical examination & specialized biochemical tests. Specialized enzymatic markers are helpful for proper follow-up as delay can be devastating. It can form a platform for malignant & cirrhotic changes of liver: Present study has been undertaken to avoid dreads by simple clinical enzyme study. Serum levels of 5’NT/ALP/AST/ALT/Bilirubin were estimated in sixty cases of clinically diagnosed cholecystitis against forty normal individuals. Purpose was to single out a parameter which is most significant & may help as an endoscope to \ud Surgeon for timely intervention. The study delineates5’NT to be superior to ALP due to its specificity &. Sensitivity. While elevated AST & ALT levels signify extent of hepatic cell damage, 5”NT specifically signifies the bile duct obstruction or cholestasis as well as hepatic cell damage. \u