Diversity of piRNA expression patterns during the ontogeny of the German cockroach

The Piwi‐interacting RNA (piRNA) system is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism involved in the control of transposable elements and maintenance of genomic stability, especially in germ line cells and in early embryo stages. However, relevant particularities, both in mechanism and function, exist across species among metazoans and even within the insect class. As a member of the scarcely studied hemimetabolan group, Blattella germanica can be a suitable reference model to study insect evolution. We present the results of a stringent process of identification and study of expressed piRNAs for B. germanica across 11 developmental stages, ranging from unfertilized egg to nymphs and adult female. Our results confirm the dual origin of piRNA in this species, with a majority of them being generated from the primary pathway, and a smaller but highly expressed set of sequences participating in the secondary (“ping‐pong”) reamplification pathway. An intriguing partial complementarity in expression is observed between the piRNA of the two biogenesis pathways, with those generated in the secondary pathway being quite restricted to early embryo stages. In addition, many piRNAs are exclusively expressed in late embryo and nymphal stages. These observations point at piRNA functions beyond the role of transposon control in early embryogenesis. Our work supports the view of a more complex scenario, with different sets of piRNAs acting in different times and having a range of functions wider than previously thought.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grants CGL2012-36251 and CGL2015-64727-P to X.B.; and CGL2016-76011-R to M.D.P.), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant BFU2011-22404) and the Catalan Government (2014 SGR 619). It also received financial assistance from the European Fund for Economic and Regional Development (FEDER funds to X.B. and M.D.P.).Peer reviewe