Grazing behavior of lactating Murrah buffalo cows supplemented with cupuassu byproduct.

The goal of this work was to evaluate grazing behavior of lactating Murrah buffalo cows supplemented with cupuassu byproduct containing 16.8, 51.4, 8.3, 83.5 and 3.4% of ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC), respectively. Experimental rations were balanced for reaching levels of 22.0 % of crude protein (CP) and 80.1 % of total digestible nutrient (TDN)

Nutritional Assessment of Setaria sphacelata and Cleome gynandra as Potential for Ruminant Feed

Setaria sphacelata is a high and most prevalent tropical grass, while Cleome gynandra is a tropical annual herb which commonly used as vegetables in Africa and Asia. Both plant samples were found to be high in nutritive value especially in protein and very appetizing in ruminants. The main objectives of the study were to measure and compare the nutritional composition of Setaria sphacelata and Cleome gynandra as a function of their nutritional value for ruminants. The two plant samples were collected near the Tembila area, Besut Terengganu. The samples were dried in a furnace below 60 - 70 ˚C and crushed prior to further analysis using proximate analysis. Proximate analysis was used to measure values for moisture, dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EF) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). The result of this analysis shows that Cleome gynandra had much higher crude protein (CP) (p < 0.05) at 36.86% and ether extract (EF) at 5.50%. Crude protein (CP) is one of the most essential nutrients that ruminants need. Therefore, this study found that Cleome gynandra contains a higher nutritional value in terms of crude protein (CP) than Setaria sphacelate, which can be used as a feed for ruminants

Milk composition of Murrah buffalo cows supplemented with cupuassu byproduct in Western Amazon.

The aim of this study was to evaluate milk composition of Murrah buffalo cows supplemented with rations containing cupuassu byproduct in substitution of ground corn. Isoprotein and isoenergy rations were balanced with 22.0% of crude protein (CP) and 80.1% of total digestible nutrient (TDN)

Modelling Urine Nitrogen Production and Leaching Losses for Pasture-Based Dairying Systems

Urine from dairy cattle grazing pastures with high crude protein (CP) concentrations is a major source of N lost in drainage water from New Zealand farms. This paper provides predictions of urinary N leaching losses for a range of stocking rates and levels of supplementation

Including Legumes in Bermudagrass Pastures

Use of legumes in bermudagrass pastures did not affect summer cow gains in 2016. Forage availability was also similar where ladino clover was used in the Legume system compared with where Nitrogen (N) alone was used. Estimated forage crude protein (CP) was greater for the Legume than the Nitrogen system in early summer, but was similar by mid-summer

Performance of broiler chickens fed on lima bean, groundnut and soybean diets

Experimental diets were formulated using lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus Linn) groundnut (Arachis hypogeae Linn) and soybean (Glacin max Linn) mixed in varying proportions to supply 23% crude protein (CP) for starter and 20% crude protein (CP) for finisher diets. Proximate analysis of the diets revealed a generally lower protein content than the calculated values. Among the 7 formulated diets, the soybean meal had the highest crude protein compared to others without it. While the energy given components of the experimental diets were higher, with groundnut meal diets recording the highest value, the crude ash and fibre content were lower than the control diet. The growth performance of 144 nine-day old broiler chickens fed on the experimental diets for 8 weeks were compared with control group fed commercial Guinea Feed. Birds consumed significantly less (P0.05) in terms of weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency in the performance of birds fed on soybean diets compared to control diet. Weight gain between the birds fed with lima beans and groundnut diets was significantly different (

Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle revised

The 1988 National Research Council's (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle have been revised. Adjustments have been made in the recommended requirements for net energy for lactation (NEL); crude protein (CP); calcium (Ca); phosphorus (P); and vitamins A, D, and E. In addition, suggestions are made for using undegraded intake protein (UIP) and degraded intake protein (DIP) for diet formulation

Circular 68

Livestock rations should be balanced for many parameters including protein, and various minerals, and energy, to ensure that all required nutrients are present in the adequate amounts and proper relationships. Energy content is the primary consideration for balancing any farm animal’s diet because it is often the most limiting factor in animal performance. In Alaska, it is extremely important to test for major nutrients and then to balance rations because: 1) Alaska has longer, colder and wetter winters than those in the lower 48 states and consequently Alaskan animals have different nutrient needs. 2) Alaskan feedstuffs tend to be more variable in nutrient content than feeds grown in other states. After energy requirements, crude protein, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium are considered - and with the energy estimate - are the basis of the standard feed analyses performed by the Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (AFES) Service Laboratory feed testing section. Because all of these nutrients can vary greatly in the same feed, the Palmer Animal Sciences beef unit of AFES tracks the nutrient values of feed samples submitted to the AFES Service Laboratory. A summary of these values provides an indication of the types and values of feed available in Alaska. It also shows the variability in nutrient content of feedstuffs. Hopefully, this will stimulate the use of individual nutrient analyses for feeding livestock in Alaska

The effect of dietary nitrogen on nitrogen partitioning and milk production in grazing dairy cows : A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Animal Science at Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand

Two experiments were conducted during spring (8th October to 12th November 2009) as part of a larger study, to study the effects of increasing levels of crude protein (CP) in pasture on milk production, dry matter intake (DMI) and nitrogen (N) partitioning in dairy cows. The first experiment was undertaken over 25 days (8th October to 1st November 2009), where fifteen multiparous, rumen fistulated, early lactation Holstein-Friesian cows (505 ± 10.4 kg liveweight; 4.1 body condition score ± 0.044, mean ± standard deviation) were assigned to one of three urea supplementation treatments: Control (0 g/day urea; ~20% CP), Medium (350 g/day urea; ~25% CP) and High (690 g/day urea: ~30% CP). Urea was supplemented to the pasture-based diet to increase CP content while maintaining similar concentrations of all other nutrients across treatments. All cows were offered ~20 kg dry matter (DM)/day perennial ryegrass-based pasture (CP = 20.6 ± 0.56% DM; metabolisable energy (ME) = 11.8 ± 0.06 MJ/kg DM). Cows were acclimated to their urea treatment over a 25 day experimental period. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increased dietary CP in grazing cows on DMI and milk yield. Dry matter intake was estimated using a back calculation method from the energy requirements of the cows. The results indicate a complex interaction between DMI, milk yield and urea intake. As dietary CP increased, the milk yield increased; however, as urea’s contribution to total dietary CP concentration increased, the increase in both DMI and milk yield was less. Milk yield decreased when urea supplementation increased beyond 350 g/day, and the interaction evident in milk yield was mirrored in yields of fat, CP and lactose (P <0.001). The addition of urea had no effect on milk fat, protein and lactose percentages. The second experiment was conducted over 22 days (22nd October to 12th November 2009), involving ten multiparous, rumen fistulated, early lactation Holstein-Friesian cows (520 ± 5.6 kg liveweight; 4.15 body condition score ± 0.078, mean ± standard deviation). This experiment was undertaken to study N partitioning in pasture-fed grazing dairy cows using urea supplementation as a non-protein N (NPN) model to ensure all other nutritional characteristics of the forage remained the same. All cows were offered ~19 kg DM/day of perennial ryegrass-based pasture (CP = 18.4 ± 0.64% DM; ME = 11.4 ± 0.06 MJ/kg DM). Cows were assigned to one of two experimental groups: Control (0 g/day urea; ~18% CP), and a Urea supplemented group (350 g/day urea; ~23% CP). Cows were acclimated to the diets and metabolism stalls for 14 days, and a further 7 days were used for total collection of urine, faeces and milk. Increasing dietary CP content had no effect on DMI, milk yield, milk composition, and faecal N. Urinary urea N (UUN) and urine N yield and concentrations increased as dietary CP content increased however, urinary creatinine, ammonia (NH3), calcium and magnesium were not affected. Rumen urea and NH3 concentrations were increased as CP content increased. Milk urea N showed trends for linear responses to increasing N intake (P <0.001, R2 = 0.47). A 16.5% increase in N intake resulted in a 42.5% increase in milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration; however, the relationship was restricted to low MUN concentrations. Urinary N increased linearly as a result of N intake, although the relationship was restricted due to the underestimation of urinary N and the limited range of N intake values. The 28% increase in urinary N excretion resulted from a sharp 3.6% decline in N efficiency as dietary N content increased. The main conclusions of this thesis were the ability for excessive urea intake to reduce milk yield in grazing dairy cows. Further research is needed to determine if high soluble NPN concentrations in fresh pasture would affect DMI and milk yield in the same way. Increasing N intake results in linear increases in MUN, urinary N and UUN. These relationships could provide useful tools to predict urinary N excretion due to the strong relationships between these variables. Further research is needed to develop robust prediction equations for the relationships between these variables in grazing dairy cows before they could be used as regulatory tools

The effect of protease and in ß-glucanase supplementation on digestibility of protein, fat and fiber barley-soybean meal based diets by weanling pigs

Recent attention has been given to enzymes as gut-active growth promoters able to lead to a partial degradation of endosperm cell walls in feeds, increasing the proportion of the diet digested by the animal. The aim of this work was to determine if feeding- diets supplemented with protease and/or B-glucanase affects fecal digestibility (F.Dig) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), fat (FAT) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)