Welche Sprache ist sie anyway?: Borrowed anyway/anyhow in Texas German

A common phenomenon when languages are in contact is for one language to borrow words or phrases from another and incorporate them into the native vocabulary. Texas German, which has been in contact with English for over 100 years, shows extensive borrowing of English words. In addition to content word borrowing, lexical items such as nouns and verbs, Texas German shows examples of borrowings of discourse markers (DMs), which serve functional rather than lexical purposes. One of the most common English DM borrowings is anyway and it variant form anyhow. In this thesis I analyze the extent to which borrowed anyway/anyhow exhibit the same semantic and pragmatic functions as in English.Germanic Studie

Cultural and core borrowings reclassified: A corpus-based study of Sri Lankan English vocabulary

World Englishes/ Varieties of English show variation from British English (BrE) through distinct linguistic processes that highlight their uniqueness. Borrowing is one such process that enhances the vocabulary of a distinct English variety used in a particular country due to the effect of the local languages. Literature on borrowing proposes that they can be classified as cultural and core borrowings. This classification encapsulates the reasons for borrowing words from a different language by its users. The term cultural borrowings denote words that are transferred from another language to fill a lexical gap, while the term core borrowings are words that already occur in the language. This paper, a part of an ongoing PhD study, explores whether this binary classification adequately accounts for the types of borrowings found in Sri Lankan English (SLE) recorded in the Sri Lankan component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-SL). The study first extracted a word list using a corpus analysis software, from which the borrowings were manually selected. This was followed by a Google search for the etymology of the words to ascertain the origin of the borrowings that could help to identify whether they filled a lexical gap or duplicated words that already exist. The data indicated that words were borrowed from Sinhala and Tamil, the two official languages of Sri Lanka, as well as other languages. Based on the analysis, this paper proposes that the binary categorization of core and cultural borrowings should be extended to four categories in order to capture the local and regional borrowings that exist within cultural borrowings, as well as to reflect the complexity of meanings identified within core borrowings. KEYWORDS:   Borrowings, core borrowings, cultural borrowings, World Englishes, corpus linguistic

Критерії виділення та методологічні аспекти дослідження запозичених слів (на матеріалі актових книг північноукраїнського ареалу)

The article deals with the main problems, which arise while studying borrowings in Old Ukrainian period (XVI – XVII cent.), the approaches we can analyze borrowings with (historical and etymological sources), the criterias we should use while distinguishing borrowings; the peculiarities of the usage of terms are paid attention to

Does monetary policy matter for corporate governance? Firm-level evidence for India

The paper assembles data on over 1,000 manufacturing and services firms in India for the entire post-reform period from 1992 through 2002 to examine the association between corporate governance and monetary policy. The findings suggests that (a) public firms are relatively more responsive to a monetary contraction vis-à-vis their private counterparts; and, (b) quoted firms lower their long-term bank borrowings in favour of short-term borrowings, post monetary tightening, as compared with unquoted firms. A disaggregated analysis based on firm size and leverage above a certain threshold validates these findings. The study concludes by analyzing the broad policy implications of these findings.monetary policy; corporate governance; relationship lending; leverage; India

On the contribution of adaptation to originality in Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus and the history of art

This article assesses the manner in which the gesture of adaptation affects notions of originality. Through its fluctuations, the adaptive process can generate divergent thinking about the question of originality. Adaptation appears resourceful for the purposes of originality when it produces innovative works of art by modifying adopted sources. At the same time, any claim towards originality can be compromised whenever the exercise of adaptation turns out to be overtly dependent on the adoptive sources. To this extent, in the first part of the essay, Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus is deployed as a means of exploring whether the novel's bid towards originality is undermined by the adaptation ofthe Faust theme. What further limits the novel's effectiveness as an "original" is the possibility that the protagonist ofthe novel, Adrian Leverkiihn, may be perceived as an adaptation of Friedrich Nietzsche's own biography. The second part of this study investigates whether the work, through the adaptation of recurring motifs in the history of art, can bring about original arrangements in works of art.peer-reviewe

Dialectal variation in lexical borrowings in Dangme

language spoken in Southern Ghana. Dangme has seven dialects (Ada, Gbugblaa, Yilɔ Krobo, Manya Krobo, Nugo, Sɛ and Osudoku), but this study concerns lexical borrowings into the first four. The language is in contact with four languages from which it has borrowed: Ewe, Ga, Akan, and English. Each dialect of Dangme is in direct contact with English, the official language of Ghana, and with at least one of the three Ghanaian languages. While Ada is in contact with Ewe and Gbugblaa with Ga, both Yilɔ Krobo and Manya Krobo are in contact with Akan and, to some extent, Ewe. The study departed from focus on phonological adaptation of borrowed words, the subject matter of previous studies, to pursue two interrelated objectives, i.e., to find out: (i) whether, and to what extent, borrowings into a dialect from a given source language remain localized or are transferred to the other dialects and (ii) whether, and what extent, the lexical borrowings constitute additions to the Dangme lexicon or, conversely, a relexification of native words in the lexicon. Eighty (80) respondents, 20 each from the four dialects considered, were purposively sampled to participate in the data collection process and the data analysis was done within the Variationist Sociolinguistics Theory. It was found that while most Akan and English lexical borrowings have become integrated in all the four dialects of Dangme, this is not the case with lexical borrowings from Ga and Ewe. Most Ga borrowings are found only in Gbugblaa and most Ewe borrowings are found only in Ada and, to some extent, Manya Krobo. It was also found that Akan and English lexical borrowings generally constitute additions to the Dangme lexicon while Ewe and Ga lexical borrowings may be seen as subtractive borrowings or cases of relexification in Ada and Gbugblaa respectively. The study is expected to contribute to an understanding of how languages like Dangme whose dialects have geographical contact with different languages develop dialectal variation

Voluntary Information Disclosure and Corporate Governance: The Empirical Evidence on Earnings Forecasts

This study investigates the determinants of companies' voluntary information disclosure. Employing a large and unique dataset on the companies' own earnings forecasts and their frequencies, we conducted an empirical analysis of the effects of a firm's ownership, board, and capital structures on information disclosure. Our finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the custom of cross-holding among companies strengthens entrenchment by managers. We also find that bank directors force managers to disclose information more frequently. In addition, our results show the borrowing ratio is positively associated with information frequency, suggesting that the manager is likely to reveal more when his or her firm borrows money from financial institutions. However, additional borrowings beyond the minimum level of effective borrowings decrease the management's disclosing incentive.Voluntary information Disclosure, Corporate Governance, management earnings forecast