84,816 research outputs found
Exchange Rate Volatility and Growth in Emerging Europe
This paper analyses the in_uence of NEER and REER volatility on growth in a panel of six developing European countries. Two measures of volatility are employed (standard deviation and ARCH/GARCH models) and its in_uence on growth is tested both through a GLS and a GMM estimation. Moreover, given the properties of the time series used, both panel and individual cointegration are tested using the Pedroni and, re-spectively, the Johansen methodology.
Disparate responses of above- and belowground properties to soil disturbance by an invasive mammal
Introduced mammalian herbivores can negatively affect ecosystem structure and function if they introduce a novel disturbance to an ecosystem. For example, belowground foraging herbivores that bioturbate the soil, may alter process rates and community composition in ecosystems that lack native belowground mammalian foragers. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) disturb the soil system and plant community via their rooting behavior in their native range. Given their size and the numbers in their populations, this disturbance can be significant in forested ecosystems. Recently, wild boar were introduced to Patagonian forests lacking native mammalian herbivores that forage belowground. To explore how introduced wild boar might alter forested ecosystems, we conducted a large-scale wild boar exclusion experiment in three different forest types (Austroducedrus chilensis forest, Nothofagus dombeyi forest, and shrublands). Wild boar presence altered plant composition and structure, reducing plant biomass 3.8-fold and decreasing both grass and herb cover relative to areas where wild boar were excluded. Decomposition rates and soil compaction also declined by 5% in areas where boar had access; however, rooting had no effect on soil nutrient stocks and cycling. Interestingly, there were no differences in wild boar impacts on different forest types. We found that after 3-years of exclusion, belowground foraging by wild boar had a larger impact on plant community structure and biomass than it did on soil nutrient processes.Fil: Barrios Garcia Moar, Maria Noelia. AdministraciĂłn de Parques Nacionales. DelegaciĂłn Regional Patagonia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas; ArgentinaFil: Classen, Aimee T.. University of Tennessee; Estados UnidosFil: Simberloff, Daniel. University of Tennessee; Estados Unido
Moving towards boar taint-free meat: an overview of alternatives to surgical castration from a chain perspective
The objective of this study is to review important issues in boar taint prevention without surgical castration, namely alternatives to surgical castration, factors influencing boar taint development and economic considerations associated with the presently feasible alternatives to surgical castration. The paper looks at these issues from the pig production chain perspective and suggests a framework for the analysis of boar taint prevention without surgical castration within the whole-chain contex
Sensory emphasis on pork quality related to the diet content of fermentable fibre-rich feedstuffs (chicory and lupine) with special emphasis on the effect on boar taint
Boar taint in entire male pork is caused by skatole and andros-tenone and other compounds such as indole. However, female pigs also pro-duce skatole and indole. The purpose was to minimise boar taint related to skatole by feeding entire male and female pigs with fibre-rich feedstuffs. An organic, 10% dried chicory or 25% lupine diet was applied for either 7 or 14 days before slaughter. Lupines significantly reduced skatole in backfat for both genders whilst chicory showed no significant differences in this re-spect. From a sensory perspective, chicory and lupine reduced boar taint since odour and flavour of manure related to skatole and urine associated to androstenone were minimised. The level of boar taint in the entire male pigs was mainly reduced after 14 days by both chicory and lupine while the âboarâ taint in female pigs was mainly reduced by lupine
Porcine circovirus 3 is highly prevalent in serum and tissues and may persistently infect wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa)
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCVâ3) prevalence has been minimally investigated in wild boar; dynamics of infection and viral tissue distribution are currently unknown. In this study, serum samples from 518 wild boar (from years 2004 to 2018) were used to study frequency of infection. Also, serum samples from 19 boar captured and recaptured at least two times for a period of time from 1 month to 1 year were collected to determine PCVâ3 infection dynamics. Finally, to elucidate PCVâ3 DNA organic distribution, sera, different tissues and faeces were obtained from 35 additional wild boar. PCVâ3 DNA was extracted and amplified with a conventional PCR. For the PCVâ3 PCRâpositive sera from the longitudinally sampled and different tissue types, a quantitative PCR was performed. Genome sequence was obtained from a number of PCVâ3 PCRâpositive samples from different years, different timeâpoints of infection and tissues. Obtained results confirmed the susceptibility of wild boar to the virus, showing high frequency of PCVâ3 detection (221 out of 518, 42.66%) and demonstrating circulation at least since 2004. Compiled data indicate the possibility of longâterm infections, since 5 out of 10 PCVâ3 PCRâpositive boars longitudinally sampled showed positivity in samplings separated for more than 5 months. All tested tissue types' harboured PCVâ3 genome, with the highest percentage of PCR positivity in submandibular lymph node, tonsil, lung, liver, spleen and kidney. The amount of DNA in all tested PCVâ3 PCRâpositive samples was moderate to low. All partial and complete PCVâ3 sequences obtained from wild boar displayed high nucleotide identity, higher than 98%. In conclusion, this study further confirms that wild boar is susceptible to PCVâ3 infection, showing high frequency of detection in this animal species. Furthermore, PCVâ3 can be found in different tissues of wild boar and is apparently able to cause persistent infection.Instituto Nacional de InvestigaciĂłn y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria. Grant Number: EâRTA2017â00007â00â0
Reproductive management in pigs: emphasis on the different roles of the boar and on optimal insemination management
Boars have different roles in the reproductive management in pigs. Boar contact can stimulate follicle development and thereby induce oestrus, both in gilts and sows. Boar contact during oestrus is essential for good oestrus expression, which is essential for the correct timing of insemination and the proper use of boar contact during insemination can stimulate sperm transport and thereby fertilisation. Stimulation by boars clearly has an olfactory component (the boar smell), but can also have an auditory, visual and evn tactile component. The background of the different roles and some of these different components of the boar are discussed. To enable a good farrowing rate and litter size, sows should be inseminated between 0 and 24h before ovulation. However, it is not possible to accurately predict the time of ovulation in sows. Although ovulation takes place at a relatively fixed 60-75% of the duration of oestrus, the duration of oestrus varies considerably between sows and between farms, resulting in a variable ovulation time from onset of oestrus. Therefore, most farmers inseminate their sows every day of oestrus to ensure insemination within the optimal period. Since post-ovulation inseminations should be avoided, it is adviced to only inseminate sows while they still show an optimal standing respons
The Impact of Community-Based Arts
Community-based arts is a topic of study that has emerged relatively recently yet does not have a very substantial body of literature surrounding it. What does exist covers many of the perspective benefits of community-based arts projects, as well as providing a critical analysis of their effectiveness as well as shortcomings. The goal of this research was to analyze the experiences of participants in the community-based research process, and what their insight on the practice is. Using a survey that was distributed to members of the community, this research was able to reaffirm many known benefits to community-based arts projects, as well as identify areas where the practice can be improved
Effect of feeding fermentable fibrerich feedstuffs on meat quality with emphasis on chemical and sensory boar taint in entire male and female pigs
Skatole, androstenone and other compounds such as indole cause boar taint in entire male pork. However, female pigs also produce skatole and indole. The purpose of this experiment was to minimise boar taint and increase overall impression of sensory quality by feeding entire male and female pigs with fibrerich feedstuffs. The pigs have been fed three organic diets for either 1 or 2 weeks prior to slaughter of which two diets contained different fermentable fibre-rich feedstuffs â 10â13.3% dried chicory roots or
25% blue lupines. These two treatments were compared with pigs fed with an organic control diet for either 1 or 2 weeks prior to slaughter. Lupines significantly reduced skatole in blood and backfat for both genders after 1 week. Moreover, lupines showed negative impact on growth rate and feed conversion whilst chicory showed no significant differences in this respect. However, the indole concentration was significantly lower in chicory than lupine fed pigs. From a sensory perspective, chicory and lupine feeding reduced boar taint since odour and flavour of manure related to skatole and urine associated to androstenone were minimised. The level of boar taint in the entire male pigs was most effectively reduced after 14 days by both fibre-rich feeds while lupine had the largest influence on ââboarâ taint reduction in female pigs
Ban on castration of boars in the Netherlands: modeling economic consequences of options
As a result of social criticism on castration, the Netherlands intend to start fattening boars. The great obstacle to a ban on castration is the expected negative effect on international trade because of the fear of boar taint. Consumersâ perception of boar taint is investigated, and a summary is presented of the knowledge gained up to the present to reduce boar taint. Advantaged and drawbacks of several alternatives are assessed. An economic chain- and import/export model has been developed to estimate economic consequences. The total added value of the pig farmers' chain will significantly reduce, but there is much uncertainty of the estimation of market acceptance and prices. A further elaboration of the model is proposed, with an assessment of the optimal mix of alternative
Economics of boar taint prevention without surgical castration in the pork chain
An economic analyses of boar taint prevention without surgical castration is lacking. This paper explores currently feasible alternatives to surgical castration along the pork chain. The considered alternatives include genetic selection (pig breeding stage); altering management strategies (pig growing stage); slaughter at younger age and lower weight (slaughtering stage). Control measures relevant to these alternatives were designed and examined, using costeffectiveness and cost-benefit analysis. Results show that the option of single-sex raising of entire males is more cost-effective compared to the mixed-sex option. The breeding programs combining selection on boar taint and economics are more cost-effective than programs focusing on boar taint only, and also much more cost-effective than slaughtering at a younger age and lower weigh
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