The research of He Bo's myth and fish wagons' image in Han Dynasty stone reliefs

水崇拜在世界各民族的神話中皆有所展現，其中對河崇拜在初民的生活中扮演了重要角色，其不可掌控之特性、既神聖又恐怖的特質，都變成了祭祀的源由。祭祀是崇拜中極重要的一環，世界各地皆有不同的河祀活動，而中國的河祀活動起源甚早，早在商代即有卜辭記載。而祭祀又與神話有關，河祀風氣的盛行與河神神話的發展，亦有密切之關聯。其中河伯之神話敘事是中國河神神話的重要發展之一，本文即以傳世文獻和考古出土資料作為研究材料，分析河伯及其相關稱名的文本敘事，並探析考古出土資料中魚車圖的構成元素與圖像組合，進一步比較傳世文獻中的河伯及其相關稱名形象與考古出土資料中魚車圖上的神人形象、傳世文獻中的河伯及其相關稱名車騎形象與考古出土資料中魚車圖車騎形象，並論及魚車圖的寓意

The Characteristics of Bizarre Monks Portrayed in Tang Tales

本文以《太平廣記》「異僧」類小說為觀察出發點，進而擴大規模蒐羅所有唐代小說，考察相關文本所展現的異僧特質。藉由生命姿態、能力表現、社會身分三大不同主題的探討，試圖更為整體、深入地析述異僧駁雜的形象特質。首先，異僧苦修、癲狂、重情之生命姿態既涉及宗教修行經驗，亦有對世俗人性情感的觀照省思。執著苦修的聖徒與瘋癲怪異的狂僧看似大相逕庭，實可說是宗教修行的一體兩面，而重情僧人的出現似為唐代小說始創，藉異僧親身入世歷幻，自度度人的過程顯豁人與人之間深摯的情意交流。其次，異僧能力表現可概分為肉身異相、方技術數、以及他界遊歷見聞等三大範疇，這些神技奇藝琳琅駁雜，幾乎涵括方技術數中各門學問，為佛、道、巫文化之交互雜揉，展露佛教日漸中國化、俗信化的一面。最後，士僧、俠僧、胡僧、精怪僧四類異僧，其「異」正在於其雙重異質之身分。「僧」是一種神秘性與包容性兼具的社會身分，如廣大容器容納各式人物階級、身分經驗交相混融的想像可能，而異僧身分之構設，也往往反映當代對於隱逸、盜匪、華夷、魅怪等意識形態投射。異僧之「異」，既有士人撰述奇事之異，亦有宗教「神異」的教理評判與文化差異之多元內涵。希望藉由本文對異僧三大主題面向之述論，為唐代小說的異僧群像提供一兼具文本詮釋與相關文化探析的研究參考。Buddhist monks constitute an important and complicated group of characters in classic Chinese novels, but have received insufficient attention thus far. From the sacred descriptions found in hagiography and the mystic stories of the six dynasties, to the greedy, licentious images portrayed by the vernacular novels of Ming and Qing, it seems that the image of Buddhist monks in novels has greatly transformed over time, and that monks portrayed in Tang tales seem more lacking of compilation and discussion. However, in Taiping guangji, the most complete compilation of Tang tales, there are 12 volumes (volumes 87–98) dedicated to “bizarre monks” (yiseng), depicting Tang Buddhist monks in abundant ways. Moreover, descriptions of bizarre monks are not limited to volumes 87–98, but are widespread across all of the books. Why are these monks considered “bizarre”? How do the tales present their personalities and interactions with other characters? What is the meaning behind them? These complex characterizations, intersecting with various cultural and religious issues, are worthy of more detailed research. Therefore, this essay identifies the characteristics of bizarre monks on the basis of the compilation of related texts, and analyses the following three themes, attempting to interpret the basic traits of bizarre monks portrayed in Tang tales: The one is personality including asceticism, insanity, and affection; another one is versatile thaumaturgy mixed with Daoism and traditional beliefs; the other one is special affiliated identity such as scholar, knight-errant, foreigner, and monster

Online shopping Users’ Intention: An Integrating Perspective of Transaction Cost Theory and Social Exchange Theory

[[abstract]]本研究結合交易成本理論和社會交換理論的觀點探討消費者線上購物決策意圖，並根據理論基礎提出消費者線上購物意圖的理論架構。本研究以實證研究進行結果分析，根據研究結果顯示消費者的資源基礎會對交易成本造成影響，而線上購物交易成本越低，消費者線上購物意圖則越高。此外，衝動性購買、吸引力、主觀規範、信任和環境等因素亦會影響消費者線上購買意圖。根據實證研究結果，本研究提供建議做為未來研究參考。[[abstract]]Integrating a perspective of transaction cost theory and social exchange theory this study presents a theoretical model for understanding consumers’ online purchase intention An empirical study was conducted to examine the model The results indicate that consumers’ intention to purchase online is negatively associated with their perceived transaction cost and perceived transaction cost is associated with resources of ethnic personal strong tie weak tie direct and indirect quanxi Furthermore impulse buying attraction subjective norm trust and environment will influence purchase intention when consumer consider online shopping According to the results of empirical study implications and suggestion for future research are discusse

Using ultrasonography to diagnose middle cerebral artery stenosis

背景：腦血管超音波是臨床常用、非侵入性的檢查工具，可應用於診斷腦血管狹窄。目前臨床上使用之中大腦動脈流速常模是引用國外文獻統計結果，但不分年齡使用相同的流速上限值將提高誤診率，因此本研究目標為建立臺中榮總超音波室之正常腦血流速率參考值。 方法：由健檢中心及門診招募332 位健康人接受頸動脈超音波及穿顱彩色都卜勒超音波(TCCS)檢查，分析顱內外腦動脈血流速率以建立正常腦動脈血流流速之常模。病歷回顧分析233 位神經內科中風病患腦部核磁共振血管攝影(MRA)及超音波檢查數據，以MRA計算中大腦動脈狹窄程度，探討超音波診斷中大腦動脈狹窄之準確性。 結果：中大腦動脈血流流速與年齡，性別顯著相關，隨著年紀增長中大腦動脈血流流速越低；年齡對腦血流速率之影響力在女性較為明顯，尤其對年齡小於60 歲之女性影響最大。依據本研究建立之正常腦動脈血流流速參考值提出新的診斷標準，建議以顱內外流速比值(MCA/ICA PSV index)來消弭個體差異，針對年齡小於60 歲及大於等於60 歲之健康受試者提出兩個標準值上限：60 歲以下患者如顱內外血流流速比值(MCA/ICA PSV index)超過 1.58則懷疑有中大腦動脈狹窄，大於或等於60 歲患者如顱內外血流流速比值超過 1.93 則懷疑有中大腦動脈狹窄。以腦部核磁共振血管攝影(MRA)所判讀之中大腦動脈狹窄程度當作標準診斷，測試本研究所提出之超音波診斷參考值準確度，發現超音波診斷之敏感度( 48 %)及陽性預測值(21 %)不高，但有不錯之特異性(76%)與陰性預測值(92%)。 結論：超音波是一良好的篩檢工具，可用以初步篩檢辨別顱內中大腦動脈有無狹窄，年齡對腦動脈血流速率有很大影響，判讀超音波檢查數據時應將年齡納入診斷考量。Background：Carotid ultrasound and transcranial color- coded duplex sonography (TCCS) are widely-used, non-invasive tools for detecting cerebral artery stenosis. The reference range of cerebral blood flow velocity was based on the literature reports from Caucasian populations. In addition, using the same reference range of flow velocities in young adults might lead to misdiagnosis since age significantly affects cerebral blood flow. The present study aims to establish the normal range of cerebral blood flow velocities in Taiwanese population. Methods：Carotid ultrasound and TCCS were performed in 332 healthy, asymptomatic subjects. The participants were divided into three age groups (<40 y/o, 40-60 y/o and ≧60 y/o) to evaluate the associations between age and cerebral blood flow velocities. Sex-specific analysis was also performed. Based on the distribution of flow velocities obtained from healthy subjects, we proposed new diagnostic criteria for middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis. Brain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of 233 stroke patients was reviewed. The severity of MCA stenosis of each participant was determined by MRA. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of ultrasound diagnostic criteria were calculated. Results：Sex and age are significantly associated with cerebral blood flow. The average flow velocities for MCA in subjects younger than 40 y/o, 40-60 y/o, and ≧ 60 y/o are 109.8 ± 22.7, 98.2 ± 23.6, 89.7 ± 23.5 cm/sec respectively (ANOVA p <0.001). Women has significantly higher cerebral blood flow than men, especially in women younger than 60 y/o. We proposed MCA / ICA PSV index (i.e. the ratio of flow velocities between extracranial internal carotid artery and intracranial MCA) to be the new diagnostic criteria for MCA stenosis. A MCA/ICA index higher than 1.58 in subjects younger than 60 y/o suggested MCA stenosis; whereas an index higher than 1.93 in subjects elder than or equal to 60 y/o suggested MCA stenosis. We then applied the diagnostic criteria to stroke patients to evaluate its validity. Using MRA as golden standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for ultrasound are 48%, 76%, 21%, and 92% respectively. Conclusions：Carotid ultrasound and TCCS are useful, screening tools for detecting intracranial cerebral artery stenosis. The influence of age and sex should be considered in the interpretation of cerebral blood flow velocities.目錄 致謝…………………………………………………………………… i 中文摘要……………………………………………………………… ii 英文摘要……………………………………………………………… iv 目錄……………………………………………………………………. vi 圖表目錄……………………………………………………………… viii 第一章 緒論………………………………………………………….. 1 第一節 腦血管超音波.……………………………………………. 1 第二節 腦血管動脈血流速度之正常值………………………….. 4 第三節 超音波應用於腦血管動脈狹窄…..………………………. 9 第二章 研究目的與研究策略……………………………………….. 13 第三章 材料與方法………………………………………………….. 15 第一節 建立顱內中大腦動脈流速之正常參考範圍…………….. 15 第二節 以腦部核磁共振血管攝影驗證超音波偵測之顱內中大腦動脈流速是否可正確診斷中大腦動脈狹窄………….. 22 第三節 比較線形及筆形探頭量測顱外內頸動脈血流速率之差異…………………………………………………………... 29 第四節 建立台中榮民總醫院超音波實驗室之信效度………….. 31 第四章 研究結果…………………………………………………….. 33 第一節 研究對象之人口學分佈情況…………………………….. 33 第二節 中大腦動脈流速與年齡和性別之相關性……………….. 34 第三節 超音波偵測之顱內中大腦動脈流速是否可正確診斷中大腦動脈狹窄……………………………………………... 43 第四節 線形及筆形探頭量測顱外內頸動脈血流速率之差異….. 50 第五節 探討中榮超音波室測量腦血流速率之準確性………….. 52 第五章 討論..…………………………………………………………. 53 第六章 參考文獻…………………………………………………….. 66 表目錄 表一、研究對象之人口學數據……………………………………… 77 表二、比較健檢與門診研究對象之人口學數據……………………. 78 表三、顱內中大腦動脈流速與年齡之相關性……………………… 79 表四、顱內外血流流速比值與年齡之相性性………………………. 80 表五、遵循中大腦動脈收縮期最高流速大於等於140 cm/sec，平均流速大於等於 90 cm/sec，顱內外血流流速比值大於3，誤判中大腦動脈狹窄之比例…………………………………….. 81 表六、性別對顱內中大腦動脈流速之影響…………………………... 82 表七、性別對顱內外血流流速比值之影響………………………….. 83 表八、遵循中大腦動脈收縮期最高流速大於等於140 cm/sec，平均流速大於等於 90 cm/sec，顱內外血流流速比值大於3，男性與女性誤判中大腦動脈狹窄之比例……………………….. 84 表九、中大腦動脈在腦部核磁共振血管攝影(MRA)呈現之狹窄比例與超音波所量測之血流速率之相關性………………………. 85 表十、比對腦部核磁共振血管攝影(MRA)及超音波對中大腦動脈(MCA)狹窄之診斷是否一致…………………………………. 86 表十一、線型及筆型探頭量測顱外內頸動脈血流速率之差異……… 87 表十二、中榮超音波室測量腦血流速率之準確性…………………… 8

國內無線應用協定(WAP)服務及市場區隔

出處：真理大學工業管理