澳大利亚制造业的供应链管理——两个案例研究

为了让人们进一步了解澳大利亚制造业采用和一体化供应链管理技术的情况,我们决定进行两个案例研究。为此我们选中了两家公司,它们都在为澳大利亚的一家主要的零售连锁店供货。这两家公司均在某种程度上使用了国际物品编码学会(EAN)的条形码系统,而且(在某些情况下)也使用了电子数据交换技术和其他启动技术。本文所进行的案例研究的目的是,确定(和比较)这两家公司如何着手实施一体化供应链管理(ISCM)、它们从中获得了什么好处以及它们的优势在哪里。证据表明,如果公司以“战略的”方式来实施一体化供应链管理,那么它们就能从中获得各种好处;如果公司以一种“反应性的”心态来实施一体化供应链管理,那么它们觉察到的好处,如果有的话,也是很少的。证据也表明,要在全战略的水平上实施一体化供应链管理也许并非总是有可能的(或者说并非总是真的合适),而且实施一体化供应链管理的合适水平也许会受到诸如产品特性、竞争环境、公司规模、公司文化和战略态势等因素的制约

Layer-by-layer self-assembly preparation and performance of GO-ceramics composite nanofiltration membrane

氧化石墨烯(GO)的片层边缘含有COOH等含氧官能团,因而带负电荷,可以在带正电荷多孔基体上通过层层自组装实现快速沉积。以由3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅; 烷(APTES)修饰的多孔氧化铝管式陶瓷膜为基膜,令GO和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)以溶液形态在其表面交替沉积实现自组装,继以环氧氯丙烷(ECH)交联; 之,制备新型氧化石墨烯-陶瓷复合纳滤膜。最佳制备工艺是,PEI浓度5 g·L~(-1)、pH=9,NaCl浓度0.3; mol·L~(-1),GO浓度0.6 mg·ml~(-1)、pH=4.5,层数2层,ECH用量6.25 ml·L~(-1),50℃条件下处理70; min。层数为1~4层的自组装膜在0.6 MPa操作压力下对2; g·L~(-1)的MgCl_2的截留率分别为90.16%、93.71%、97.54%、92.93%,其中1层自组装膜的渗透通量为21.92; L·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。氧化石墨烯-陶瓷复合纳滤膜对4种无机盐的截留率大小为MgCl_2>MgSO_4>NaCl>Na_2SO_4,符合; 典型正电荷纳滤膜的特征。Graphene oxide (GO) can be quickly deposited on a positively charged; porous matrix via a layer-by-layer self-assembly strategy because GO; nanosheets contain rich negatively charged, oxygen-containing function; groups, such as COOH. In this paper, the GO-ceramics composite; nanofiltration membrane was prepared via layer-by-layer deposition of GO; solution and eolyethyleneimine (PEI) solution alternately, and then; cross-linked by epoxy chloropropane (ECH) on; 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-modified porous Al_2O_3 supports. The; optimum preparation conditions were: PEI 5g·L~(-1), pH=9; NaCl 0.3; mol·L~(-1); GO 0.6 mg·L~(-1), pH=4.5; ECH 6.25 ml·L~(-1) and heat; treatment 50℃/70 min. Under the conditions of 0.6 MPa, when the; self-assembly layer number increased from 1 to 4, the rejection to 2; g·L~(-1) MgCl_2 were 90.16%, 93.71%, 97.54%, and 92.93% respectively,and; the flux of self-assembled monolayer membrane was 21.92 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1).; The rejection orders of inorganic salts of GO-ceramics composite; nanofiltration membrane were as follows: MgCl_2>MgSO_4>NaCl>Na_2SO_4,; therefore they showed the typical positively charged nanofiltration; membrane characteristics

A study on the trigger of coverage in liability insurance policy

承保責任啟動(trigger of coverage)是開啟保險人履行契約義務的觸發機制，目的在於確定保險人的責任範圍，依照契約給付義務。有鑑於責任保險本質之特殊性，責任保險承保責任啟動值得進一步探討與研究。 美國曾歷經大量的石棉及環境污染訴訟，保險人必須承擔不確定連續性曝險之損害造成的長尾責任，使其財務規劃不易，故保險人以限制承保責任啟動之方式，限縮承保範圍。在司法實務上因此發展許多相關理論，對於保單條款之適用方式及適法性做出解釋。 我國尚未對於責任保險承保責任啟動機制及其衍生的問題深入分析，關於承保責任啟動之規範定位不明。惟實務保單條款已有針對責任保險保單作出承保責任啟動方式之約定，其約定之合法性及妥適性為何，均有檢討之必要。 本文以介紹美國責任保險承保責任啟動，保險契約當事人如何運用此機制為主軸，藉由美國法之經驗，探討我國如何定位此制度，實務上保單條款出現之相關問題如何解決，在現有的法制下應如何解釋與補充，提出建議與理由，希冀能對我國責任保險理論之建構有所貢獻

Problems with the definition of automobile accident in Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance Act

我國強制汽車責任保險法第13條規定：「本法所稱汽車交通事故，指使用或管理汽車致乘客或車外第三人傷害或死亡之事故」，其中有四個要件：汽車、使用或管理、因果關係及乘客或車外第三人傷害或死亡。而我國實務上向來對此四要件均未有足夠的認識，此即本文希望解決之問題。 汽車交通事故上開四個要件應如何解釋，與本法之立法目的、立法例及責任基礎息息相關。本文肯認本法之立法目的係「使交通事故被害人迅速獲得基本保障、減免加害人的賠償負擔、維護道路交通安全」。至於立法例應採特殊補償制度說，是汽車交通事故之要件解釋上可與實體法第191條之2推定過失脫勾處理。 在汽車交通事故要件之探討上，本法劃分汽車之標準錯誤。此外本文認為我國立法者應盡快、明確的於母法中就自始設計在冰上、雪上操作之雪上機動車；自始設計要克服各種地形之全地形車；專用於插秧、自始就是在田裡操作之耕作、收成之農作機具等動力機械做出規範，明文排除。使用、管理則係分別描述利用汽車之動態、靜態過程。「使用」涵義為：「加害人在損害發生時所從事之行為，係對該動力車輛依其原有、主要設計功能所為之使用」。「管理」之涵義除需符合上述「使用」之涵義，亦應該加上「管理動力車輛之方式，不可以造成不合理之風險」、「裝載或卸載動力車輛裝備或其他物品亦屬管理」此兩標準。再就因果關係而言，本文則基於因果關係涉及社會政策以及衡平性，認為因果關係宜採法規目的說。而本文認為汽車交通事故不應有地域上之限制。最後就汽車交通事故除外條款而言，本法第28條第1項第1款「受害人故意行為」意義不明，賽車或速度測試、明知為贓車而駕駛或乘坐此二態樣均不在「受害人故意行為」解釋範疇；同條項第2款之「故意從事犯罪行為」，該犯罪行為時間與範圍界限不清，為了避免被拘提、逮捕之態樣不在「故意從事犯罪行為」解釋範疇；違背安全駕駛我國實務最高法院終認係故意從事犯罪行為，比較法上均以該些態樣係自招危難、有重大可歸責事由而明文排除。違反道路交通管理處罰條例第21條無照駕駛而肇事亦屬重大可歸責事由。最後，比較法上有提出不可抗力事故亦應排除之，我國實務亦有相同結論，本文從之，然亦認宜修法明文化為妥。According to Article 13 Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance Act (hereinafter referred to as CALI Act or the/this Act), four requirements are designed to determine whether the legal entitlement exists. The four elements set forth as follows:「Motor Vehicle」、「Used or Managed」、「Causation」 and 「Injuries or loss of life(Death) to a passenger or a third party outside the vehicle.」As is apparent, the entitlement language of this Article is ambiguous. Thus, a number of issues remain confusing and unresolved over the past decades. This paper that examines with reference to decided cases and discusses issues in comparison with other countries’ approach is seeking to simplify the complexity in terms of the applicable scope of Article 13. In this paper, I propose a standpoint to see Legislature’s adoption of this Act as an action to adopt 「the special reparation system,」 and therefore, any interpretation should be made based solely upon CALI Act and its respective purposes rather than others, and particularly, should not be bound by the statutory presumption of fault principle adopted by Article 191-2 of Civil Code. With regard to the interpretation of the first element a “motor vehicle,” many Courts used definition codified in Highway Traffic Act, and allowed self-assembled vehicles and farm equipment or farm vehicles which are not mandated to carry financial responsibility by CALI Act to be qualified for benefits and coverage through Article 40 of the same Act. Such application is obviously erroneous and self-contradictory. In this aspect, this paper is hoping to urge the Legislature to amend and redefine the term “motor vehicle” and further specifically exclude certain types of vehicles, including but not limited to, snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, and self-propelled or self-assembled machines or vehicles exclusively used for agriculture. As for the second element “used” or ‘’managed,” most Court failed to differentiate one (used) from the other (managed). This paper suggests that these two terms be distinguished and separately examined, and circumstances whether a stationary motor vehicle or the one in motion is involved should too be identified. Furthermore, it should be considered “used,” when injury is arising out of a person’s act engaged into an inherent use of a motor vehicle. As for “managed,” the following two criteria are suggested by the author to use in examination with the “managed” requirement: “the method used to manage the motor vehicle cannot create unreasonable risk of danger” and “loading or unloading vehicular equipment or others should be deemed as managed.” For the causation rule, to be noted that in this paper,「the scope of the rule theory」is adopted by the author in consideration of the public policy and the doctrine of equity as a premise to make several conclusions and analyses. As to the fourth element regarding “injuries or death to a passenger or a third party outside the vehicle,” compared with other countries’ no fault automobile laws, CALI Act specifically excludes the entitlement of the driver of a motor vehicle, but acknowledges the third party outside the vehicle while meeting requirements shall be qualified for benefits regardless of the location. This paper agrees with this point of view that third party’s coverage should not be denied due to the geographical considerations. Finally, the language used in Article 28 Section 1 Subsection 1 and Subsection 2 is equivocal and creates numerous problems. The wording “it through a deliberate act” in subsection 1 is ambiguous and in lack of other supporting definition as to its meaning and scope. Thus, circumstances such as a person who is injured while operating a motor vehicle in a race or speed test or while operating or occupying a motor vehicle known to be stolen would have become insurmountable dilemmas for the Court. Furthermore, subsection 2 only contains injuries through a criminal act, it fails to contemplate situations where the injuries sustained while seeking to avoid lawful apprehension or arrest by a law enforcement officer, which most likely is merely an act ensued a criminal act rather than a criminal act itself. Encountered with the above problems, most Courts would have to “borrow” the causation theory to exclude the injured party from entitlement. However, such approach cannot offer a permanent solution to the problems, and it is necessary for the Legislature to take an imminent action to amend the Act and cover all of the afore-mentioned loopholes

具有抗肿瘤活性的低极性人参皂苷组合物

本发明涉及具有抗肿瘤活性的低极性人参皂苷组合物，根据制备方法及其活性特点，将低极性人参皂甙分为七组，本发明特别是涉及二醇I组与其余六组低极性人参皂甙中任何一组或多组低极性人参皂甙的混合物。所述的组合物充分发挥各种低极性人参皂甙的特点，使抗癌活性显著增强，组合物具有诱导肿瘤细胞分化、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤生长、逆转肿瘤多药耐药性、抑制肿瘤新生血管生成、抑制肿瘤的浸润和转移、增强机体免疫力和降低化疗药物毒副作用等抗肿瘤活性，极具开发潜力。带填