Biomass Scenarios, Present and Future: Evaluation of WEC's and Hall's Projections and Comparisons to IEW Poll Responses

Biomass, renewable plant or animal material used for energy consumption, is currently an important energy source in many countries and may have a more prominent future role globally, especially if greenhouse gas reduction programs are implemented. Quantitative forecasts are difficult because present and past biomass usage is not well documented, mainly because of the difficulty of measuring the amount of non-commercial usage. This document reports current usage estimates and offers possible scenarios for future usage in 2020 and beyond. The main sources of data are the two World Energy Council (WEC) (1992) reports 1992 Survey of Energy Responses, 16th Edition and Energy for Tomorrow's World, Hall's (1991) "Biomass Energy" in Energy Policy, and IEW Poll Responses from the January 1993 overview (Manne and Schrattenholzer, 1993). When looking at the available biomass literature, there are problems in performing accurate comparisons between different sources. Data for many regions were incomplete, and much of the available data was less useful than it could be due to lack of clarity. Problems and assumptions that were needed for any of the figures are listed, so that the reader can keep these imperfections in mind when viewing the projections

The Effects of Molecular Weight of Cationic Retention Aids and Turbulence on the Retention of Organic Fines

The retention of organic fines is of major importance to the paper industry. Fines have been found to increase Mullen and tensile strengths. Increased retention, though my adversely affect drainage. Fines also adversely affect the environment when not retained in the sheet. They increase the turbidity of receiving waters and otherwise affect the bottom fauna because of settling. In receiving waters, they are a BOD problem as well as a source of color. The dynamic drainage jar was used to test the retention of fines involving only colloidal forces. Three degrees of turbulence were used, 500 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 1500 rpm. This range of turbulence is believed to cover the range of turbulence of commercial paper machines. Five cationic retention aids of similar chemical structure with varying molecular weight were used in five separate runs. A run without any retention aid gave the base for this study. Retention appears to be linear with respect to turbulence. Retention dropped off, being close to the blank run, at 1500 rpm. The corresponding turbulence of a paper machine must be known to select the best retention aid. The length of time the retention aid is in contact with the stock solution may also affect retention. The higher molecular weight retention aid usually, but not always, has the greater retention at any given turbulence

Understanding the Management of Sustainability on One Public Midwestern College Campus

Environmental sustainability is a substantial issue within our world today that is on the forefront of policy makers\u27 minds. Implementation of sustainability initiatives on a college campus comes in many forms and different scales, which falls upon the question of who manages all the moving pieces to make these initiatives successful. This study was designed to gain an understanding of how administrators are defining and implementing environmental sustainability initiatives on their campus, to understand their role in managing these tasks. Using a qualitative approach, the researcher interviewed a purposeful sample of four higher education administrators from one public Midwestern university. The participants worked in areas of sustainability management, housing and dining services, faculty, and business affairs. Results showed that administrators have a basic knowledge and understanding to implement sustainability efforts. Participants discussed that to better manage sustainability efforts collaboration and student engagement which needs to be led by someone, thus showing the importance of a sustainability coordinator position within the university structure

Understanding the Management of Sustainability on One Public Midwestern College Campus

Environmental sustainability is a substantial issue within our world today that is on the forefront of policy makers\u27 minds. Implementation of sustainability initiatives on a college campus comes in many forms and different scales, which falls upon the question of who manages all the moving pieces to make these initiatives successful. This study was designed to gain an understanding of how administrators are defining and implementing environmental sustainability initiatives on their campus, to understand their role in managing these tasks. Using a qualitative approach, the researcher interviewed a purposeful sample of four higher education administrators from one public Midwestern university. The participants worked in areas of sustainability management, housing and dining services, faculty, and business affairs. Results showed that administrators have a basic knowledge and understanding to implement sustainability efforts. Participants discussed that to better manage sustainability efforts collaboration and student engagement which needs to be led by someone, thus showing the importance of a sustainability coordinator position within the university structure

Subfossils of the Boreal Mosses Calliergon trifarium and Meesia triquetra in an Indiana Peatland

Author Institution: Department of Biology, Central Michigan UniversityAnalysis of peat cores extracted from Tamarack Bog, section 7, Noble Township, Noble County, IN, revealed the first recorded subfossils of the boreal mosses Calliergon trifarium (Web. & Mohr.) Kindb. and Meesia triquetra (Richt.) Aongstr. from the state of Indiana. The paleo-environment was characterized as a mineral-rich fen. Local extirpation was attributed to natural acidification. The regional distribution of these two species, since glaciation, has receded northward to the northern lake states. Both species are now extirpated in Indiana

Effects of Auditory Oral Patterns as an Intervention for Expressive Language with Students with Disabilities

The effects of using Auditory Oral Patterns to remediate expressive language in students with learning disabilities w as examined in a cross categorical classroom. Ten students with special education needs were in the study. Six of the students were labeled a s learning disabled, three of the students were labeled as educable mentally impaired, one student was labeled as emotionally impaired, and one student was labeled as autistically impaired. Four of the students in the study also had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Quantitative results of the study showed an increase in average words per sentence in oral expressive language for students with leaming disabilities, educable mental impairments, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Qualitative data indicated improvement of expressive language with students with learning disabilities and autism. This study suggests that the use of Auditory Oral Patterns may be an effective intervention for teachers to utilize to remediate expressive language deficits

Ayllu on the Airwaves: Rap, Reform, & Redemption on Aymara National Radio

Of the indigenous languages of the Americas, Aymara counts among the few with more than one million speakers; yet, in the country with its greatest number of speakers, Bolivia, concerns of language shift to Spanish are widespread, making it the focus of varied political, linguistic, educational, and cultural interventions. This dissertation provides a comparative linguistic ethnographic account of three media platforms in Bolivia from which models of Aymara language emanate-a Jesuit radio station, a hip-hop collective, and the radio station of the Aymara Education Council--to address the following questions: In what ways do these centers of institutional authority advance or contest ideologies of language endangerment among contemporary Bolivian Aymara speakers? If an Aymara national culture exists within plurinational Bolivia, what are the discursive mechanisms by which it is maintained and reproduced? Do Aymara nationalist discourses impact Aymara language use? If yes, how? This study answers these questions through discourse analysis and ethnography, both addressing discourses of nationalism and language endangerment across the three sites as well as describing the linguistic and more broadly semiotic registers deployed therein, and the multilingual publics presupposed by them, through coordinated attention to both the content and form of their broadcasts. The discourse analysis of language use on these programs is both informed by poetic and semiotic approaches to verbal interaction and also embedded within ethnographic description of their institutional production and of the metadiscursive protocols that, to differing degrees, regiment linguistic practices at each of the three sites. The transmission of spoken discourse over the airwaves makes radio a key site for the dissemination of models of Aymara nationhood. This research goes beyond documentation of contemporary Aymara as it is spoken to examine the institutional and ideological embeddedness of linguistic behavior in Bolivian Aymara communities. Identifying relationships between the medium of transmission (contrasting linguistic registers) and the messages transmitted by them illuminate contemporary processes of identity formation and transformation unfolding in a period in Bolivia that scholars and Aymara community members alike characterize as a moment of heightened decolonization