Diskurse – Medien – Dispositive oder Die Situationen des Diskurses. Anmerkungen zur postfoucaultschen Diskussion um die Medialität von Diskurse

This paper turns Post-Foucauldian discourse linguistics upside down to explore the situatedness of discourses as their material possibility condition. In order to do so I firstly clarify Foucault's notion of discourse oscillating between the poles of macro (knowledge order) and micro (material event). In a second step recent media discourse analysis is discussed as an attempt to understand "la matérialité de l'énoncé" (Foucault 1969: 135) as a possibility condition of discourses. In a third step I propose an approach that conceptualizes the possibility conditions of communicational acting systematically between media technologies and communicative genres. The media linguistic notion of Forms of Communication (cf. Domke 2010a; Holly 2011a; Meiler 2013a) promisingly conceptualizes these conditions as enabling communication, hence discourse in situ. Following this, in a fourth step three generic examples are analyzed from the related position of semiological pragmatics (cf. Jäger 2008; Rehbein 2001). By these three examples (taken from a corpus of communication in public space) the paper demonstrates how different Forms of Communication shape specific possibilities to communicate different types of discursive knowledge (and vice versa): verified, temporarily relevant, and contested knowledge. It is also worked out in which way the production conditions of each Form of Communication determine how accessible a discourse is. In this respect, public space and mass media appear to be remarkably opposed to one another

\u3ci\u3eIn Vivo\u3c/i\u3e Characterization of RIF-1 Tumors \u3ci\u3evia\u3c/i\u3e Diffusion and Fluorine-19 NMR Methods

Diffusion-weighted nuclear magnetic resonance has gained widespread use in the characterization of various diseases. Developments in the area of porous media theory have been successfully transferred and adapted for the use in biological tissue. Measurement of the displacement of diffusing water molecules can reveal structural information about the environment in which the molecules translate. The return-to-the-origin (RTO) probability and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) are based on the diffusion behavior of water molecules in a restricted environment. Water molecules in restricted space have smaller displacements, for a given diffusion time, than water molecules diffusing in bulk solution. The cell membranes and organelles in healthy biological tissue impart more restrictions on diffusing water molecules as compared to necrotic tumor tissue. In necrotic tissue the degradation of cellular structures by auto- and/or heterolysis allows water molecules to diffuse over larger distances without encountering restrictions. The spectroscopic measurement of the RTO probability and the RTO enhancement in RIF-1 tumors showed that the RTO probability is sensitive to these changes in structure. The study showed that smaller tumors, which are less necrotic, have a larger RTO probability and enhancement than larger RIF-1 tumors with a higher fraction of necrotic tumor tissue. Extension of the methodology to NMR imaging was used to answer the question if the RTO probability can provide spatial information about the necrotic area within RIF-1 tumors. The necrotic area measured by the ADC and histology were compared. While neither ADC or RTO could show its superiority over the other, both methods showed a good correlation between their mean values and the necrotic area fraction as measured by histology. The mean ADC and the mean RTO enhancement had a correlation with the necrotic tumor fraction, as determined by histology, of r = 0.86 and r = -0.82, respectively. Conventional T2-weighted images of the same tumor slice showed a poorer correlation (r = 0.62) with the necrotic fraction and no visual agreement with the histology. The general features of the ADC and RTO enhancement were in agreement with histology, however, more exact comparisons where not possible due to the large differences in slice thickness between the two techniques. Structural changes similar to those caused by tumor tissue necrosis can be induced by chemo- and radiation therapy and ADC and RTO enhancement were used to monitor these changes non-invasively. RIF-1 tumors were grown on the hind leg of C3H mice and monitored daily by diffusion-weighted MRI. ADC and RTO-enhancement maps were created using data acquired from control animals and animals treated with 100 mg/kg 5-Fluorouracil. Both ADC and RTO proved to be useful in the early detection of the efficacy of treatment as well as for monitoring the progress of therapy. Diffusion measurements by pulsed-field-gradient (PFG) MRI have become an important tool for detecting of pathophysiological changes caused by cancer and stroke. The increasing popularity of diffusion measurements has initiated their use on clinical MRI systems that have limited magnetic-field-gradient strength. These limitations make it necessary to lengthen the diffusion-gradient duration to ensure sufficient signal attenuation for calculating the ADC. Unfortunately, increasing of the diffusion-gradient duration to a large extent violates the theoretical model used in the ADC calculation. The diffusion measurements are not performed in the finite pulse width regime, but rather in the constant gradient regime, requiring a different interpretation of the results. Examination of the differences in the measured diffusion coefficient showed that increasing both the diffusion-gradient duration and the echo time have a significant impact on the results of a diffusion measurement. A different way to assess changes in RIF-1 tumors as a function of treatment is the measurement of the tissue oxygen status. Cell hypoxia has long been linked with treatment resistivity and reoccurrence in cancers, where the oxygen status is a determining factor of treatment outcome. Perfluorocarbons (PFC\u27s) have been used successfully to assess the tumor oxygen status in the past, but required a large MRI slice thickness due to compensate for the low PFC concentration. The tissue oxygen status of the tumor is assessed by intravenous injection of a PFC that is subsequently sequestered in the tumor. The measurement of the T1-relaxation time of the PFC allows the calculation of the oxygen content, which is linearly related to the relaxivity and the temperature. Fluorine-19, multiple-slice, inversion-recovery echo-planar imaging (EPI) allowed high spatial resolution assessment of the tissue oxygen status over the entire tumor. The results demonstrated that there is a large variation in tissue oxygenation between adjacent slices. Comparison of the oxygen distribution between various tumors also showed that there is no common pattern in the spatial distribution of oxygen within the tumor. Monitoring of the oxygen status during chemotherapy showed an increase in hypoxic tissue and a reduction in tumor size in response to the toxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent. As the effects of the treatment subsided, rapid cell proliferation caused the tumor to regrow and a subsequent decrease in tissue oxygen tension was observed. The study clearly demonstrated the changes in oxygen tension in response to chemotherapy and the need for multi-slice MRI acquisition at high spatial resolution to detect these changes

A correspondence between solution-state dynamics of an individual protein and the sequence and conformational diversity of its family.

Conformational ensembles are increasingly recognized as a useful representation to describe fundamental relationships between protein structure, dynamics and function. Here we present an ensemble of ubiquitin in solution that is created by sampling conformational space without experimental information using "Backrub" motions inspired by alternative conformations observed in sub-Angstrom resolution crystal structures. Backrub-generated structures are then selected to produce an ensemble that optimizes agreement with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Residual Dipolar Couplings (RDCs). Using this ensemble, we probe two proposed relationships between properties of protein ensembles: (i) a link between native-state dynamics and the conformational heterogeneity observed in crystal structures, and (ii) a relation between dynamics of an individual protein and the conformational variability explored by its natural family. We show that the Backrub motional mechanism can simultaneously explore protein native-state dynamics measured by RDCs, encompass the conformational variability present in ubiquitin complex structures and facilitate sampling of conformational and sequence variability matching those occurring in the ubiquitin protein family. Our results thus support an overall relation between protein dynamics and conformational changes enabling sequence changes in evolution. More practically, the presented method can be applied to improve protein design predictions by accounting for intrinsic native-state dynamics

An Investigation of Three-Finger Toxin—nAChR Interactions through Rosetta Protein Docking

Three-finger toxins (3FTX) are a group of peptides that affect multiple receptor types. One group of proteins affected by 3FTX are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Structural information on how neurotoxins interact with nAChR is limited and is confined to a small group of neurotoxins. Therefore, in silico methods are valuable in understanding the interactions between 3FTX and different nAChR subtypes, but there are no established protocols to model 3FTX–nAChR interactions. We followed a homology modeling and protein docking protocol to address this issue and tested its success on three different systems. First, neurotoxin peptides co-crystallized with acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) were re-docked to assess whether Rosetta protein–protein docking can reproduce the native poses. Second, experimental data on peptide binding to AChBP was used to test whether the docking protocol can qualitatively distinguish AChBP-binders from non-binders. Finally, we docked eight peptides with known α7 and muscle-type nAChR binding properties to test whether the protocol can explain the differential activities of the peptides at the two receptor subtypes. Overall, the docking protocol predicted the qualitative and some specific aspects of 3FTX binding to nAChR with reasonable success and shed light on unknown aspects of 3FTX binding to different receptor subtypes

Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and -11 and IGFBinding Proteins-l, -2, and -3 in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus: Correlation with Metabolic Control and Height Attainment.

The putative effects of diabetes and metabolic control on circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) remain controversial. In the present study, serum levels of IGF-I and IGF-II and IGFBP-1, -2, and -3 were measured in 58 patients (age, 0.8-17 yr) with treated (51 subjects) or untreated (7 subjects) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and were compared with the levels in normal subjects. In the untreated patients IGF-I and IGF-II were decreased as compared with the healthy controls. In the treated diabetics IGF-I and IGF-II were reduced; IGFBP-2 (only in prepubertal subjects) and IGFBP-3 were increased. Furthermore, age-adjusted values of IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 were lower in prepubertal than in pubertal patients. Regression analysis revealed a negative correlation between hemoglobin (Hb)A1c and standard deviation scores (SDS) of IGF-I and a positive association between HbA1c and IGFBP-1 SDS or IGFBP-2 SDS. In the treated patients HbA1c was positively related to IGFBP-1 SDS and IGFBP-2 SDS when applying simple regression analysis and to IGFBP-2 SDS when using a multiple regression model. Strong correlations were observed between height SDS and IGF-I SDS, IGF-II SDS, and IGFBP-3 SDS in prepubertal subjects who had had IDDM for at least 2 yr, but not in adolescents. Such correlations have also been found in healthy children and adolescents. In conclusion; 1) IDDM is associated with alterations of the IGF-IGFBP system, which are partially accounted for by differences in metabolic control and pubertal status; 2) the lower plasma concentrations of serum IGF-I may play a role in the pathogenesis of growth impairment of poorly controlled prepubertal, but not pubertal, children and adolescents with IDDM; and 3) in addition, a potential role of the altered IGF-IGFBP system for the development of diabetic late complications is hypothesized

Lymphocytic tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily co-stimulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

Purpose of reviewThe role of lymphocytes in the chronic inflammatory disease atherosclerosis has emerged over the past decade. Co-stimulatory molecules of the heterogeneous tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily play a pivotal role in lymphocyte activation, proliferation and differentiation. Here we describe the immune modulatory properties and mechanisms of four tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members in atherosclerosis.Recent findingsCD40/CD40L, OX40L/OX40, CD70/CD27 and CD137/CD137L are present in human atherosclerotic plaques and have shown strong immune modulatory functions in atherosclerosis, resulting in either atherogenic or atheroprotective effects in mouse models of atherosclerosis.SummaryInsight into the immune modulatory mechanisms of co-stimulatory interactions in atherosclerosis can contribute to clinical exploitation of these interactions in the treatment of cardiovascular disease

APLIKASI CERITA PENDEK TENTANG PENERAPAN NEW NORMAL COVID-19 PADA ANAK-ANAK MENGGUNAKAN AUGMENTED REALITY BERBASIS ANDROID

Abstract :  The new virus known as Covid-19 has caused many deaths around the world, even in our own country, Indonesia. It began in China, when the virus spread around the world, many people became victims and caused widespread concern among humans. This becomes a new routine for all humans in the world where everyone including children must run this health protocol every day. Children know more about games or entertainment content from the internet. This makes children rule out the importance of health protocols. By combining Augmented Reality technology with short stories about the spread of the new normal on Android devices, it can help children learn about the importance of healthy living in more exciting ways. Augmented reality is a technology that combines virtual and physical elements in real time. Interactive technologies such as Augmented Reality can be a big attraction for children, because it can be seen from the development and advancement of this technology gets special attention from children living in today's millennial era Based on this, researchers developed a short story application about the application of new normal in children, which utilizes android-based augmented reality technology to display 3D versions of short stories based on detection results.  existing markers. As a result of this study, it is expected that children can be interested and easily apply a healthy lifestyle in the pandemic era. Abstrak :  Virus baru yang dikenal sebagai Covid-19 telah menyebabkan banyak kematian di seluruh dunia, bahkan di negara kita sendiri, Indonesia. Ini dimulai di Cina, ketika virus menyebar ke seluruh dunia, banyak orang menjadi korban dan menyebabkan kekhawatiran luas di antara manusia. Hal ini menjadi sebuah rutinitas baru untuk seluruh manusia di dunia dimana semua orang termasuk anak-anak harus menjalankan protokol kesehatan ini sehari-hari. Anak-anak lebih banyak tahu soal game atau konten-konten hiburan dari internet. Hal ini membuat anak-anak mengesampingkan pentingnya protokol kesehatan. Dengan menggabungkan teknologi Augmented Reality dengan cerita pendek tentang penyebaran new normal di perangkat Android, dapat membantu anak-anak belajar tentang pentingnya hidup sehat dengan cara yang lebih menarik. Augmented reality adalah teknologi yang menggabungkan elemen virtual dan fisik secara real time. Teknologi interaktif seperti Augmented Reality dapat menjadi daya tarik yang begitu besar bagi anak-anak, karena bisa dilihat dari perkembangan dan kemajuan teknologi ini mendapat perhatian khusus dari anak-anak yang hidup pada zaman milenial saat ini  Berdasarkan hal ini, peneliti mengembangkan aplikasi cerita pendek tentang penerapan new normal pada anak-anak, yang memanfaatkan teknologi augmented reality berbasis android untuk menampilkan versi 3D dari cerita pendek berdasarkan hasil deteksi penanda yang ada. Sebagai hasil dari penelitian ini, diharapkan anak-anak dapat tertarik dan dengan mudah menerapkan pola hidup sehat pada era pandemic. &nbsp