Giulia Poggi y Maria Grazia Profeti, eds., Norme per lo spettacolo. Norme per lo spettatore. Teoria e prassi del teatro intorno all’«Arte Nuevo»

Review of Giulia Poggi y Maria Grazia Profeti, eds., Norme per lo spettacolo. Norme per lo spettatore. Teoria e prassi del teatro intorno all’«Arte Nuevo», Alinea Editrice, Florencia, 2011, 546 pp. ISBN: 978-88-6055-586-1.Reseña de Giulia Poggi y Maria Grazia Profeti, eds., Norme per lo spettacolo. Norme per lo spettatore. Teoria e prassi del teatro intorno all’«Arte Nuevo», Alinea Editrice, Florencia, 2011, 546 pp. ISBN: 978-88-6055-586-1

Borderline Contradictions

Borderline contradictions have long been considered to be false, but recent developments in the intersection of the elds of experimental philosophy and linguistics have lead to a consensus that ordinary speakers of natural language nd borderline contradictions to be true. Furthermore, speakers are more likely to agree to disjunctive borderline contradictions (:(A _ :A)) than their conjunctive counterparts (A ^ :A). We focus our attention on a series of studies of this inequality, culminating in Egr e and Zehr's 2016 algorithmic account, which invokes strict and tolerant operators to predict that while speakers are more likely to agree to disjunctive contradictions than to conjunctive contradictions, they are also more likely to agree to both of these than to their positive and negative subparts (A and :A). We present the results of three new studies, one a replication of Egr e and Zehr's work, the results of which suggest that speakers only nd the positive subsentence to be false, suggesting that some leading accounts of how speakers interpret borderline contradictions may require modi cation

La recepción y la difusión del De imitatione Christi en la España del Siglo de Oro

The aim of this paper is to show insight into the Golden Age Spain a devotional work composed by the middle of the fifteenth century, the Imitatio Christi, which has been attributed to the Dutch Augustinian monk Thomas a Kempis. Being the most widespread work after the Bible in the Christian tradition, struck by the paucity of studies on diffusion and influence in Golden Age Spain. The present contribution, demonstrating that this work was widely disseminated Spain, by the large number of editions and translations, intended to open the field for future research in the literary field. We insist particularly in the case of Diego de Estella, whose work is postulated that the influence of the Imitatio Christi is so obvious that the model becomes transparent.El objetivo del presente trabajo es el de mostrar la penetración en la España del Siglo de Oro de una obra devocional compuesta hacia la mitad del siglo XV, la Imitatio Christi, que ha sido atribuida al monje agustino holandés Thomas a Kempis. Al tratarse de la obra de mayor difusión después de la Biblia en la tradición cristiana, llama la atención la escasez de estudios sobre su difusión e influencia en la España del Siglo de Oro. La presente contribución, al demostrar que esta obra tuvo amplia difusión en España, por la gran cantidad de ediciones y de traducciones, pretende abrir el campo a futuras pesquisas en el campo literario. Insistimos en particular en el caso de Diego de Estella, en cuya obra se postula que la influencia de la Imitatio Christi es tan evidente que el modelo se hace transparente

Allergen Immunotherapy: History and Future Developments

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) was introduced in clinical practice more than 100 years ago. The clinical effectiveness in allergic rhinitis (and asthma) and in hymenoptera allergy was apparent early on but it was not until the mid-1900s that randomized placebo-controlled trials proved its efficacy. In the 1980s, sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) was accepted in official guidelines. The availability of safer routes, such as SLIT, prompted increasing investigation of AIT for food allergy. The introduction of molecular-based diagnosis introduced the possibility of better targeted prescription of AIT. Other approaches are being explored, such as immunogenic peptides, recombinant allergens, and adjuvants

Local Nasal Specific Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis

The possibility of producing local hyposensitization by administering allergens via mucosal routes was envisaged at the beginning of 1900, and local nasal immunotherapy has been extensively studied since the 1970s. Presently, there are 21 randomized controlled trials being conducted with the most common allergens, consistently showing the clinical efficacy of local nasal immunotherapy for rhinitis. Other advantages are that it has an optimal safety profile and can be self-administered at home by the patient. Moreover, there are several data from animal models and from humans that confirm the immunomodulatory effect of intranasally administered antigens. On the other hand, local nasal immunotherapy seems to be effective only on rhinitis symptoms and requires a particular technique of administration. For these reasons, its clinical use is progressively declining in favour of the sublingual route although nasal immunotherapy is validated in official documents and remains a viable alternative to injection

AIT (allergen immunotherapy): A model for the "precision medicine"

The interpretation of medical approaches, especially therapy, evolved rapidly in the last century. Starting from the simple description of symptoms, we moved to the pathophysiological descriptions, to the evidence-based medicine, until the so-called "precision medicine". This latter can be defined as a structural model aimed at customizing healthcare, with medical decisions/products tailored on an individual patient at a highly detailed level. In this sense, allergen immunotherapy represents an optimal model of "precision medicine", since we know and describe symptoms, function, aetiological agents at molecular level, and we have the possibility to intervene on the natural history of the disease. If considered under the point of view of pharmaco-economy, that is prescribing the optimal treatment to the right patient, allergen immunotherapy represents an almost-ideal model of precision medicine

AIT (allergen immunotherapy): A model for the "precision medicine"

The interpretation of medical approaches, especially therapy, evolved rapidly in the last century. Starting from the simple description of symptoms, we moved to the pathophysiological descriptions, to the evidence-based medicine, until the so-called "precision medicine". This latter can be defined as a structural model aimed at customizing healthcare, with medical decisions/products tailored on an individual patient at a highly detailed level. In this sense, allergen immunotherapy represents an optimal model of "precision medicine", since we know and describe symptoms, function, aetiological agents at molecular level, and we have the possibility to intervene on the natural history of the disease. If considered under the point of view of pharmaco-economy, that is prescribing the optimal treatment to the right patient, allergen immunotherapy represents an almost-ideal model of precision medicine

Impact of rhinitis on airway inflammation: biological and therapeutic implications

There is increasing evidence for a close link between the upper and the lower respiratory tracts and the fact that rhinitis has an important impact on asthma. Several clinical and experimental observations suggest a similar immunopathology between the upper and lower airways in allergic subjects. The common inflammatory process that develops in the respiratory tract explains some of the complex interactions among different clinical diseases such as rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and viral infections. There are also non-inflammatory mechanisms that may contribute to the link between rhinitis and asthma. Moreover, the outcomes of various pharmacological treatments of rhinitis have recently provided further support for the hypothesis of the united airways. We discuss some of the recent observations on the nose-lung interaction and some of the novel therapeutic approaches used to treat rhinitis and asthma that arise from this

Anti-Interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-5Ra Biological Drugs: Efficacy, Safety, and Future Perspectives in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma

The definition of asthma has changed considerably in recent years, to the extent that asthma is no longer considered a single disease but a heterogeneous disorder that includes several phenotypes and, possibly, endotypes. A more detailed analysis of the immunological mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of asthma shows interleukin 5 (IL-5) to be a crucial cytokine in several asthma phenotypes. In fact, IL-5 exerts selective action on eosinophils, which, in turn, sustain airway inflammation and worsen asthma symptoms and control. Clinical trials have shown drugs targeting IL-5 or its receptor alpha subunit (IL-5Ra) to be a promising therapeutic approach to severe asthma, whose characteristics render standard therapy of little use: systemic corticosteroids only partially control the disease and have well-known adverse effects, and omalizumab is used for allergic subtypes. Analysis of the design process of clinical trials reveals the importance of patient selection, taking into account both clinical data (e.g., exacerbations, lung function, and quality of life) and biomarkers (e.g., eosinophils, which are predictive of therapeutic response)