Unexpected Behavior of the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction on Palladium in Alkaline Solution: A Feasible Kinetic Explanation

The hydrogen oxidation reaction was studied on a thin film palladium electrode supported on a gold substrate in alkaline solution. The hydrogen absorption process was analyzed by open circuit potential transient and the current - overpotential dependences were obtained by chronoamperometry at different rotation rates in a solution saturated with hydrogen. The results obtained show anunexpected profile at low overpotentials, where current decreases as rotation rate increases. A kinetic mechanism was proposed to interpret this behavior and the corresponding equations were derived. They were used to correlate the results, with a good agreement between the experimental and fitted curves.Fil: Montero, María de Los Angeles. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica; ArgentinaFil: Gennero, Maria Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica; ArgentinaFil: Chialvo, Abel Cesar. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica; Argentin

Estudio de la reacción de electrooxidación de acido fórmico sobre Iridio usando una celda de flujo

Estudios recientes de la reacción de electrooxidación de ácido fórmico (FAO) mediante la determinación simultanea de la dependencia corriente-potencial en estado estacionario y del cubrimiento de monóxido de carbono adsorbido COad, han permitido aportar nueva evidencia para la comprensión de los procesos elementales involucrados en las misma [1-3]. Se ha observado que la FAO sobre Pd [3] presenta un comportamiento cinético marcadamente diferente a los observados sobre Pt [1] y Rh [3]. En este contexto, en el presente trabajo se estudia la FAO sobre iridio, metal que se caracteriza por la adsorción de oxhidrilo OHad a bajos potenciales.Fil: Montero, María de Los Angeles. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; ArgentinaFil: Gennero, Maria Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; ArgentinaFil: Chialvo, Abel Cesar. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; ArgentinaXXII Congreso Argentino de Fisicoquímica y Química InorgánicaLa PlataArgentinaAsociación Argentina de Investigación FisicoquímicaUniversidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ingenierí

Neonatal pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation, some risk factors

Introducción: los problemas respiratorios constituyen una importante causa de mortalidad y morbilidad en el recién nacido.Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo para la neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica artificial invasiva en los recién nacidos ingresados en la UCIN del servicio de Neonatología del Hospital General Docente Carlos M. de Céspedes de enero 2012 hasta enero 2015.Método: se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles. Los grupos de estudio estuvieron conformados por 75 casos y 150 controles respectivamente. La evaluación de las asociaciones se realizó por la regresión logística binariaResultados: las variables edad gestacional antes las 37 semanas de gestación, el bajo peso al nacer poseen dos veces o más de riesgos de padecer una neumonía asociada a la ventilación de forma significativa, p<0,05; entre los diagnósticos que llevaron a la ventilación mecánica la sepsis grave con una p: 0,04; en  los resultados correspondientes al análisis multivariado, se encontró que los neonatos con más de 72 horas de ventilación, incrementaron la posibilidad de contraer la neumonía asociada a la ventilación con un OR=72,831  ± IC 95%  9,374 – 565,858, un valor de p=0,000 el sexo, y el tipo de partos no fueron significativos.Conclusión: La edad gestacional menor de 37 semanas, el peso al nacer menor de 2500 gramos, el tiempo ventilatorio de más de 3 días y el diagnóstico de sepsis grave fueron las variables significativas. El sexo y tipo de parto no fueron significativas.Background: respiratory problems are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in the new-born.Objective: to identify the risk factors for pneumonia associated with invasive artificial mechanical ventilation in new-borns admitted to the NICU of the Neonatology service of the Carlos M. de Céspedes General Teaching Hospital from January 2012 to January 2015.Method: an analytical study of cases and controls was carried out. The study groups consisted of 75 cases and 150 controls, respectively. The evaluation of the associations was carried out by the binary logistic regressionResults: the variables gestational age before 37 weeks of gestation, the low weight at birth have twice or more risks of suffering pneumonia associated with ventilation significantly, p <0,05; among the diagnoses that led to mechanical ventilation severe sepsis with a p: 0,04; In the results corresponding to the multivariate analysis, it was found that neonates with more than 72 hours of ventilation increased the possibility of contracting pneumonia associated with ventilation with an OR = 72,831 ± 95% CI 9.374 – 565,858, a value of p = 0,000 sex, and the type of deliveries were not significant.Conclusion: the gestational age less than 37 weeks, the weight at birth less than 2500 grams, the ventilator time of more than 3 days and the diagnosis of severe sepsis were the significant variables. Sex and type of delivery were not significant

Cross-sectional study on factors related to chronic pain and its care, according to sex

[ES] Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas, clínicas y terapéuticas de las personas con dolor crónico no oncológico, según sexo. Pacientes y método: Estudio transversal en la Unidad del Dolor del Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca entre marzo y septiembre de 2020. Se realizó un muestreo consecutivo, obteniendo 105 pacientes. Los datos se extrajeron de las historias clínicas (HHCC) para las variables clínicas y un cuestionario realizado ad hoc para las variables demográficas y socioeconómicas. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables, según sexo. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes con dolor crónico son mujeres (61,9 %) de 56 años, españolas, con residencia en Salamanca y con pareja. Su nivel de estudios es medio/bajo y están en situación de desempleo (p = 0,007). No son las principales proveedoras económicas del núcleo familiar (p < 0,00) y sus ingresos son inferiores a 950 euros al mes (p = 0,001). Poseen vivienda y conviven con otras personas. Su principal actividad son labores domésticas o de cuidados (p = 0,008). Padecen dolor musculoesquelético secundario crónico asociado a alteraciones estructurales, con lumbalgia crónica inespecífica como el diagnóstico más frecuente. Tienen más patologías concomitantes que los hombres, siendo la HTA la más frecuente, y los trastornos psiquiátricos más prevalentes en ellas. Están tratadas con analgésicos y bloqueos de nervios periféricos, respondiendo favorablemente. Conclusión: Identificar la mayor frecuencia de mujeres, con su contexto sociodemográfico y clínico específico, refleja la necesidad de abordar el sexo y los roles de género, y así tenerlos en cuenta a la hora de evaluar cómo influyen ambos en la vivencia del dolor crónico y de cómo llevar a cabo la asistencia y el manejo de nuestros pacientes. [EN] Objective: To describe the sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of people with chronic non-oncologic pain, according to sex. Patients and method: Cross-sectional study in the Pain Unit of the Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca between March and September 2020. Consecutive sampling was performed, obtaining 105 patients. Data were extracted from the medical records (HHCC) for clinical variables and an ad hoc questionnaire for demographic and socioeconomic variables. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed according to sex. Results: Most of the patients with chronic pain were women (61.9 %) aged 56 years, Spanish, living in Salamanca and with a partner. Their level of education is medium/low and they are unemployed (p = 0.007). They are not the main economic providers of the family nucleus (p < 0.00) and their income is less than 950 euros per month (p = 0.001). They own a house and live with other people. Their main activity is domestic or care work (p = 0.008). They suffer from chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain associated with structural alterations, with non-specific chronic low back pain as the most frequent diagnosis. They have more concomitant pathologies than men, with HT being the most frequent, and psychiatric disorders more prevalent in them. They are treated with analgesics and peripheral nerve blocks, responding favorably. Conclusion: Identifying the higher frequency of women, with their specific sociodemographic and clinical context, reflects the need to address sex and gender roles and thus take them into account when assessing how both influence the experience of chronic pain and how to carry out the care and management of our patients.S

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p &lt; 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

El TRABAJO DOCENTE DE LA ESCUELA PRIMARIA PÚBLICA DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LA LEY DEL VALOR / Elementary school teacher’s work from the value law approach

El presente ensayo ha sido fruto de una discusión académica que hemos sostenido entre nosotras y hemos compartido con otros compañeros e investigadores (Jaume Martínez Bonafé) que han estudiado el trabajo docente de los profesores de educación primaria como una mercancía más en el sistema de producción capitalista

Design and Characterization of a Close Compartment Hydrogen Reference Electrode for Electrocatalytic Studies

The reference electrode plays an important role in the determination of the electrocatalytic activity of a given electrode material. The hydrogen reference electrode has several advantages, as it is stable, can be used in the whole range of pH values, and does not contaminate the system. However, its use is not widespread due to certain difficulties related to its construction and operation. In this context, we report the design of a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) characterized by its simplicity, reproducibility, portability, stability, and precision. Moreover, rigorous equations for the variation of the RHE potential on the solution concentration, temperature, and pressure were derived as well as for the conversion of a working electrode potential referred to RHE to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).Fil: Montero, María de Los Angeles. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; ArgentinaFil: Gennero, Maria Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; ArgentinaFil: Chialvo, Abel Cesar. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Química Aplicada del Litoral.; Argentin

Kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction on nanostructured rhodium electrodes in alkaline solution

The hydrogen oxidation reaction was studied on a nanostructured rhodium electrode at different rotation rates in alkaline solution. The electrode was prepared via sputtering on a glassy carbon disc support and it was characterized by atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The real surface area was evaluated by CO stripping voltammetry. Experimental current density (j) – overpotential (η) curves of the hydrogen oxidation reaction were obtained in the range −0.015 ≤ η/V ≤ 0.40 at different rotation rates (900 ≤ ω/rpm ≤ 4900). The resulting curves were correlated by kinetic expressions derived from the Tafel-Heyrovsky-Volmer mechanism with a Frumkin type adsorption of the reaction intermediate and the kinetic parameters were evaluated. It was verified that over this overpotential region the reaction in alkaline solution proceeds mainly through the Tafel-Volmer route. These results were compared with those previously obtained in acid solutions.Fil: Montero, María de Los Angeles. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada E Ingeniería Electroquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Gennero, Maria Rosa. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada E Ingeniería Electroquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Chialvo, Abel Cesar. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada E Ingeniería Electroquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentin