Studies on amyloglucosidase from rhizopus delemar

Amyloglucosidase has been obtained from Rhizopus delemar and purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation; ethanolic precipitation; chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DEAE-sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-50/ Amberlite IRC-50. Ethanolic precipation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose by stepwise elution have been proved to be the most simple and rapid procedure to remove traces of alpha-amylase from amyloglucosidase preparations. The apparent kinetic perameters of amyloglucosidase free of traces of alpha-amylase has been shown to be altered after inclusion of alpha-amylase. The increased apparent Km and V for the alpha-1,4-glucan/ amyloglucosidase/alpha-amylase system compared with those parameters for the system in the absence of alpha-amylase have been explained on the basis of the decrease in the size of the substrate molecule, which is caused by the action alpha-amylase (endo-attack pattern). The apparent kinetic perameters of amyloglucosidase oxidized traces of alpha-amylase has also substrates., Amyloglucosidase action has been established to be unable of by passing oxidation points introduced in the alpha-1,4-glucan by periodate oxidation. A theory has been developed to describe the action of amyloglucosidase on partially oxidized amylases, which predicts the decrease in the apparent Km and V with the increase in the degree of oxidation of the amylase, as it has been demonstrated experimentally. A direct recording method of assaying amyloglucosidase has been developed involving ascorbic acid as the oxygen acceptor in a glucose oxiddase/peroxidase assay system for glucose. This method permits amyloglucosidase activity to be followed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The merits and limitations of this procedure have been discussed. An immobilized cellulose derivative of amyloglucosidase in which the prosthetic group is involved in the covalent linkage between the enzyme end the support has been investigated and compared with the soluble enzyme. The kinetics, pH profile and the thermal stability of this immobilized enzyme and their comparison with these characteristics for the free enzyme have been investigated

ATIVIDADE FÍSICA, PROCESSO SAÚDE-DOENÇA E CONDIÇÕES SÓCIO-ECONÔMICAS: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

The intricate interplay between physical activity, the health-disease process, and socio-economic conditions has been a subject of profound scientific inquiry over recent decades. Understanding the complex connections among these elements holds a pivotal role in health promotion and the formulation of effective strategies for disease prevention and intervention in public health. Physical activity, as an essential component of the human lifestyle, plays a multifaceted role in maintaining health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. However, engagement in physical activities can be profoundly influenced by socioeconomic factors that shape access to resources, opportunities, and pertinent information. This literature review aims to critically examine the extensive array of studies exploring the relationship between physical activity, the health-disease process, and socio-economic conditions. Our analysis delves into both the health benefits of physical activity and how socio-economic conditions can act as social determinants of health, affecting participation in physical activities and influencing the health-disease process. Furthermore, this review seeks to highlight potential interventions and avenues for future research that may contribute to a more equitable and comprehensive approach to health promotion and disease prevention. As we delve into the available evidence, our review underscores significant findings that substantiate the positive association between regular physical activity and various aspects of human health. Additionally, we distinctly identify how socio-economic conditions can shape patterns of physical activity and subsequently impact the health of different population segments. The critical analysis of these findings allows us to comprehend the intricacies of the interactions between physical activity, socio-economic conditions, and health, providing valuable insights for intervention strategies and health policies aimed at addressing existing health disparities. Throughout this article, we will meticulously explore the available evidence, discuss the implications of these findings, and provide a comprehensive view of potential approaches to promoting physical activity and improving health across diverse populations.A relação entre atividade física, processo saúde-doença e condições sócio-econômicas tem sido objeto de intensa investigação científica nas últimas décadas. A compreensão das interconexões complexas entre esses elementos desempenha um papel fundamental na promoção da saúde e na formulação de estratégias eficazes de prevenção e intervenção em saúde pública. A atividade física, como componente essencial do estilo de vida humano, desempenha um papel multifacetado na manutenção da saúde e na redução do risco de doenças crônicas. Porém, a participação em atividades físicas pode ser profundamente influenciada por fatores sócio-econômicos, que moldam o acesso a recursos, oportunidades e informações relevantes. Esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo examinar criticamente a vasta gama de estudos que exploram a relação entre atividade física, processo saúde-doença e condições sócio-econômicas. Nossa análise aborda tanto os benefícios da atividade física para a saúde quanto as formas pelas quais as condições sócio-econômicas podem atuar como determinantes sociais da saúde, afetando a participação em atividades físicas e influenciando o processo saúde-doença. Além disso, esta revisão busca destacar intervenções potenciais e áreas de pesquisa futura que podem ajudar a promover uma abordagem mais equitativa e abrangente para a promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças. Ao explorar as evidências disponíveis, nossa revisão aponta para resultados significativos que sustentam a associação positiva entre atividade física regular e diversos aspectos da saúde humana. Além disso, identificamos claramente como as condições sócio-econômicas podem moldar padrões de atividade física e, subsequentemente, impactar a saúde de diferentes segmentos da população. A análise crítica desses resultados nos permite compreender a complexidade das interações entre atividade física, condições sócio-econômicas e saúde, fornecendo insights valiosos para estratégias de intervenção e políticas de saúde que buscam abordar as disparidades de saúde existentes. No decorrer deste artigo, exploraremos detalhadamente as evidências disponíveis, discutiremos as implicações desses achados e ofereceremos uma visão abrangente das possíveis abordagens para promover a atividade física e melhorar a saúde em diversas populações

DETRIMENTO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL: UM ENSAIO FILOSÓFICO PARA UMA PEDAGOGIA DA PLURIDIVERSIDADE

In the context of Brazilian education, the pursuit of a pluriversal approach emerges as a crucial path. Reflection on tensions between equality and difference highlights the need to overcome marginalizing practices, in harmony with exclusion and "denigration" of education. Critique of "banking education" underscores the importance of active student participation and critical thinking, while decolonial philosophy suggests a profound reevaluation of power and knowledge structures. In this context, pluriversity in education not only celebrates diversity but propels an authentic transformation, valuing diverse voices and promoting inclusion. In Brazil, a nation rich in cultures and inequalities, pluriversity stands as a response to build a fairer, more equitable, and interconnected education aligned with the complexities of Brazilian society.No cenário da educação brasileira, a busca por uma abordagem pluriversal emerge como um caminho crucial. A reflexão sobre as tensões entre igualdade e diferença destaca a necessidade de superar práticas marginalizadoras, em sintonia com a exclusão e "denigração" educacional. A crítica à "educação bancária" ressalta a importância da participação ativa e do pensamento crítico dos alunos, enquanto a filosofia decolonial propõe uma reavaliação profunda das estruturas de poder e conhecimento. Nesse contexto, a pluriversalidade na educação não apenas celebra a diversidade, mas impulsiona uma transformação autêntica, valorizando vozes diversas e promovendo a inclusão. No Brasil, um país rico em culturas e desigualdades, a pluriversalidade é uma resposta para construir uma educação mais justa, equitativa e conectada às complexidades da sociedade brasileira

Latin American consensus on the treatment of head and neck cancer

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is well known as a serious health problem worldwide, especially in low-income countries or those with limited resources, such as most countries in Latin America. International guidelines cannot always be applied to a population from a large region with specific conditions. This study established a Latin American guideline for care of patients with head and neck cancer and presented evidence of HNSCC management considering availability and oncologic benefit. A panel composed of 41 head and neck cancer experts systematically worked according to a modified Delphi process on (1) document compilation of evidence-based answers to different questions contextualized by resource availability and oncologic benefit regarding Latin America (region of limited resources and/or without access to all necessary health care system infrastructure), (2) revision of the answers and the classification of levels of evidence and degrees of recommendations of all recommendations, (3) validation of the consensus through two rounds of online surveys, and (4) manuscript composition. The consensus consists of 12 sections: Head and neck cancer staging, Histopathologic evaluation of head and neck cancer, Head and neck surgery-oral cavity, Clinical oncology-oral cavity, Head and neck surgery-oropharynx, Clinical oncology-oropharynx, Head and neck surgery-larynx, Head and neck surgery-larynx/hypopharynx, Clinical oncology-larynx/hypopharynx, Clinical oncology-recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer, Head and neck surgery-reconstruction and rehabilitation, and Radiation therapy. The present consensus established 48 recommendations on HNSCC patient care considering the availability of resources and focusing on oncologic benefit. These recommendations could also be used to formulate strategies in other regions like Latin America countries

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost