Advances in research on the use of biochar in soil for remediation: a review

Purpose: Soil contamination mainly from human activities remains a major environmental problem in the contemporary world. Significant work has been undertaken to position biochar as a readily-available material useful for the management of contaminants in various environmental media notably soil. Here, we review the increasing research on the use of biochar in soil for the remediation of some organic and inorganic contaminants.  Materials and methods: Bibliometric analysis was carried out within the past 10 years to determine the increasing trend in research related to biochar in soil for contaminant remediation. Five exemplar contaminants were reviewed in both laboratory and field-based studies. These included two inorganic (i.e., As and Pb) and three organic classes (i.e., sulfamethoxazole, atrazine, and PAHs). The contaminants were selected based on bibliometric data and as representatives of their various contaminant classes. For example, As and Pb are potentially toxic elements (anionic and cationic, respectively), while sulfamethoxazole, atrazine, and PAHs represent antibiotics, herbicides, and hydrocarbons, respectively.  Results and discussion: The interaction between biochar and contaminants in soil is largely driven by biochar precursor material and pyrolysis temperature as well as some characteristics of the contaminants such as octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) and polarity. The structural and chemical characteristics of biochar in turn determine the major sorption mechanisms and define biochar’s suitability for contaminant sorption. Based on the reviewed literature, a soil treatment plan is suggested to guide the application of biochar in various soil types (paddy soils, brownfield, and mine soils) at different pH levels (4–5.5) and contaminant concentrations ( 50 mg kg−1).  Conclusions: Research on biochar has grown over the years with significant focus on its properties, and how these affect biochar’s ability to immobilize organic and inorganic contaminants in soil. Few of these studies have been field-based. More studies with greater focus on field-based soil remediation are therefore required to fully understand the behavior of biochar under natural circumstances. Other recommendations are made aimed at stimulating future research in areas where significant knowledge gaps exist

Structure and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Meliponini (stingless bees) (Hymenoptera : Apidae)

In spite of their importance in the reproduction of phanerograms, few bees have received an adequate description of their sperm ultrastructure. In this study, we concluded that it was possible to define a characteristic pattern for Meliponini spermatozoa. However, we have also found species-specific differences that could be used, for example, in a taxonomic or phylogenetic evaluation. Meliponini spermatozoa are made up of a head and a flagellar region. The head includes an acrosome containing the perforatorium, covered by the acrosomal vesicle and a nucleus. In transverse sections, the acrosome is circular at the tip but becomes triangular as it nears the nucleus. The perforatorium base penetrates into a small cavity in the nuclear tip. The flagellum consists of an axoneme, a pair of mitochondrial derivatives, a centriolar adjunct and a pair of accessory bodies. The axoneme has a typical 9 + 9 + 2 microtubule pattern. In the final portion, the axoneme becomes gradually disorganized with the accessory microtubules terminating last. The mitochondrial derivatives are asymmetric in length and diameter. In cross-section, they are ellipsoidal and the larger one has a paracrystalline region. The centriolar adjunct begins at the nuclear base and extends parallel to the axoneme up to the anterior end of the smaller mitochondrial derivative. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.361294

Sperm Morphology Of Trichospilus Diatraeae And Palmistichus Elaeisis (hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae)

In this study, the sperm morphology of the parasitoids Trichospilus diatraeae and Palmistichus elaeisis (Eulophidae) was investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy. In the two species, the sperm are spiral along their entire length and measure about 130. μm and 195. μm in length, respectively. The head region consists of the acrosome and nucleus. The acrosome is composed of an acrosomal vesicle and, in P. elaeisis, a perforatorium. In both species, an extracellular layer in which several filaments are radiated covers the acrosome and the anterior nuclear region. The nuclei are filled with homogeneous and compact chromatin and measure about 50. μm in length in P. elaeisis and 20. μm in T. diatraeae. The flagellum consists of an axoneme with the 9. +. 9. +. 2 microtubule arrangement spiraled in a long helix, two mitochondrial derivatives coiling around the axoneme and, in P. elaeisis, two accessory bodies. In T. diatraeae were observed transverse striations throughout the central region of the axoneme, whereas the central pair of microtubules was rarely observed. In the final flagellar region in T. diatraeae, different from P. elaeisis, one mitochondrial derivative ends well before the other and both end before the axoneme. The sperm of these two species exhibit features that discriminate one species from each other, as well as characteristics suggest that Eulophidae is closely related to Trichogrammatidae and both of these families are more similar to Eurytomidae than Agaonidae. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.513640Araújo, V.A., Moreira, J., Lino-Neto, J., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albitarse Fabricius 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Crabronidae) (2009) Micron, 40, pp. 719-723Brito, P., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Sperm structure and ultrastructure of the Melittobia hawaiiensis, Perkins and M. australica, Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) (2009) Tissue Cell, 41, pp. 113-117Carcupino, M., Profili, G., Kathirithamby, J., Mazzini, M., Sperm ultrastructure of Xenos vesparum (Rossi) and its significance in the taxonomy and phylogeny of Strepsiptera (Insecta) (1995) Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 166, pp. 291-296Dallai, R., Mercati, D., Carapelli, A., Nardi, F., Machida, R., Sekiya, K., Frati, F., Sperm accessory microtubules suggest the placement of Diplura as the sister-group of Insecta s.s (2011) Arthropod Struct. Dev., 40, pp. 77-92Dallai, R., Afzelius, B.A., Phylogeny significance of axonemal ultrastructure: examples from Diptera and Trichoptera (1995) Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., 166, pp. 301-310Fiorillo, B.S., Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Structural and ultrastructural characterization of male reproductive tracts and spermatozoa in fig wasps of the genus Pegoscapus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) (2008) Micron, 39, pp. 1271-1280Gottardo, M., Mercati, D., Dallai, R., The spermatogenesis and sperm structure of Timema poppensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) (2012) Zoomorphologie, 131, pp. 209-223Greathead, D.J., Parasitoids in classical biological control (1986) Insect Parasitoids, pp. 289-318. , Academic Press, London, J. Waage, D.J. Greathead (Eds.)Grissel, E.E., Schauff, M.E., Chalcidoidea (1997) Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), pp. 45-116. , NRC Research Press, Ottawa, ON, Canada, G.A.P. Gibson, J.T. Huber, J.B. Woolley (Eds.)Heraty, J., Woolley, J., Darling, D.C., Phylogenetic implications of the mesofurca in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), with emphasis on Aphelinidae (1997) Syst. Entomol., 22, pp. 45-65Heraty, M.J., Burks, R.A., Cruaud, A., Gibson, G.A.P., Liljeblad, J., Munro, J., Rasplus, J.Y., Yoder, M., A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) (2012) Cladistics, pp. 1-77Jamieson, B.G.M., (1987) The Ultrastructure and Phylogeny of Insect Spermatozoa, , Cambridge University Press, CambridgeLaSalle, J., Gauld, I.D., Parasitic Hymenoptera and the biodiversity crisis (1991) Redia, 74, pp. 315-334Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Redescription of sperm structure and ultrastructure of Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae) (2001) Acta Zool., 82, pp. 159-164Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Bephratelloides pomorum (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera Eurytomidae) (1999) Int. J. Insect. Morphol. Embryol., 28, pp. 253-259Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of the Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (2000) Acta Zool. (Stockholm), 81, pp. 205-211Moreira, J., Araújo, V.A., Báo, S.N., Lino-Neto, J., Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of male reproductive tract and spermatozoa in two Cryptinae species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (2010) Micron, 41, pp. 187-192Moreira, J., Brito, P., Mancini, K., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., The descriptions of new microanatomical structure of the male reproductive system and sperm of Myschocyttarus cassununga (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (2012) Micron, 43, pp. 292-297Munro, J.B., Heraty, J.M., Burks, R.A., Hawks, D., Mottern, J., Cruaud, A., Rasplus, J., Jansta, P., A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) (2011) Plos One, 6 (11), pp. e27023Neumann, G., Follett, P.A., Hollingsworth, R.G., León, J.H., High host specificity in Encarsia diaspidicola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a biological control candidate against the white peach scale in Hawaii (2010) Biol. Control, 54, pp. 107-113Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Sperm development in the imaginal testes of Aleiodes coxalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) (1998) J. Hym. Res., 7, pp. 25-37Polaszek, A., Rugman-Jones, R.S., Hernandez-Suarez, E., Cabello, T., Pérez, M.P., Molecular and morphological diagnoses of five species of Trichogramma: biological control agents of Chrysodeixis chalcites (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the Canary Islands (2012) Biol. Control, 57, pp. 21-35Quicke, D.L.J., Ingram, S.N., Baillie, H.S., Gaitens, P.V., Sperm structure and ultrastructure in the Hymenoptera (Insecta) (1992) Zool. Scr., 21, pp. 381-402Silva, J.S., (2012) Caracterização ultraestrutural dos espermatozóides de três espécies do gênero Idarnes, , Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 47 f., il. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia Animal) (accessed 30.11.12)Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Mello, S.M., Campos, L.A.O., Dolder, H., Ultrastructural characterization of spermatozoa in euglossine bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae) (2005) Insect. Soc., 52, pp. 1-1

Ultrastructural characterization of spermatozoa in euglossine bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae)

Euglossine spermatozoa are the longest described to date for the Hymenoptera. This cell includes a head and a flagellar region. In transverse sections, the acrosome is circular at the tip but has an oval contour along most of its length. The perforatorium penetrates into a deep cavity in the nuclear tip. The flagellum consists in an axoneme, a pair of mitochondrial derivatives, a centriolar adjunct and a pair of accessory bodies. The axoneme has a 9+9+2 microtubule pattern which becomes gradually disorganized in the final portion, with the central microtubules and the nine doublets terminating simultaneously, followed by the accessory microtubules. The mitochondrial derivatives are asymmetric both in length and diameter. Sectioned transversally, the derivatives are ellipsoidal or have a pear shape. The larger one has a more obvious paracrystalline region. The centriolar adjunct begins at the nuclear base and extends parallel to the axoneme until it encounters the smaller mitochondrial derivative, on which it fits, making a concave groove. In addition to these consistent euglossine features, species-specific differences that might be useful in phylogenetic work on the group are also noted.52212213

Morphology Of The Male Reproductive System And Spermatozoa In Centris Fabricius, 1804 (hymenoptera: Apidae, Centridini)

The genera Centris and Epicharis constitute the Centridini and are widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Centris is also found in the southern portion of the Neartic region, although both genera are more abundant in the humid tropical regions. To describe the structure of the male reproductive system and spermatozoa, light and transmission electron microscopy were used. The male reproductive system of Centris sp. is formed by a pair of testes, a pair of deferent ducts, a pair of seminal vesicles, a pair of accessory glands and an ejaculatory duct connected to the external genitalia, the aedeagus. In this species, testes and the pre-vesicular deferens ducts as well as the seminal vesicles are encapsulated in a single conjunctive capsule, the scrotal membrane. Each testis consists of four testicular follicles, made up of cysts with up to 64 germinative cells. Histologically, the seminal vesicles are formed by a simple cylindrical epithelium, basal membrane and muscular tunic. The spermatozoa of Centris analis, C. fuscata, C. tarsata and Centris sp. are morphologically similar. They have two easily distinguishable regions: the head and flagellum. The head is formed by the two-layer acrosome, the linear nucleus and the flagellum, the centriole adjunct, the axoneme of pattern 9. +. 9. +. 2 microtubules, two asymmetric mitochondrial derivatives and two accessory bodies. These Centris species share various morphological characteristics of the male reproductive system and spermatozoa with the other bees previously described, indicating that several characteristics are synapomorphic for the family Apidae. Studies on the morphology of the male reproductive system and spermatozoa in Hymenoptera have demonstrated the diversity of the information provided by these reproductive structures, which can be used in taxonomy studies and the phylogeny of this important group of insects. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.436695704Araújo, V.A., Zama, U., Neves, C.A., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., Ultrastructural, histological and histochemical characteristics of the epithelial wall of the seminal vesicle of mature Scaptotrigona xanthotricha Moure males (Hymenoptera Apidae, Meliponini) (2005) Braz. J. Morphol. Sci., 22, pp. 129-137Araújo, V.A., Zama, U., Neves, C.A., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., Seminal vesicle in Meliponini: passive organ to storage spermatozoa? (2005) Braz. J. Morphol. Sci., 22, pp. 181-182Araújo, V.A., Zama, U., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., Morphology and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Scaptotrigona xanthotricha Moure (Hymenoptera Apidae. Meliponini) (2005) Braz. J. Morphol. Sci., 22, pp. 137-141Araújo, V.A., Moreira, J., Lino-Neto, J., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) albitarse Fabricius 1804 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Crabronidae) (2009) Micron, 40, pp. 719-723Araújo, V.A., Moreira, J., Lino-Neto, J., Morphology of the male reproductive system of the social wasp, Polistes versicolor versicolor, with phylogenetic implications (2010) J. Insect Sci., 10, pp. 1-10Araújo, V.A., Freitas, F.V., Moreira, J., Neves, C.A., Lino-Neto, J., Morphology of male reproductive system of two solitary bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (2010) Neotrop. Entomol., 39, pp. 595-600Ayala, R., Sistemática de los Taxa Supra específicos de lãs Abejas de la tribu Centridini (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) (1998), PhD thesis, National Autonomous University of MexicoBaccetti, B., The spermatozoon of Arthropoda. IX. The sperm cell as an index of arthropod phylogenesis (1970) Comparative Spermatology, pp. 169-182. , Academic Press, New York, B. Baccetti (Ed.)Badke, J.P., Banin, T.M., Scorza, L.C.T., Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa in Partamona helleri Friese (1900) (Hymenoptera Apidae, Meliponini) (2005) Braz. J. Morphol. Sci., 22, pp. 64-65Banin, T.M., Badke, J.P., Scorza, L.C.T., Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., The seminal vesicle epithelium in Partamona helleri Friese (1900) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) (2005) Braz. J. Morphol. Sci., 22, p. 67Báo, S.N., Gonçalves Simões, D., Lino-Neto, J., Sperm ultrastructure of the bees Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) auropilosa Spinola 1853 and Paratetrapedia (Lophopedia) sp. Michener and Moure 1957 (Hymenoptera Apidae, Apinae) (2004) J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 36, pp. 23-28Bohart, G.E., The evolution of parasitism among bees (1970) Utah State University Honor Lecture, pp. 1-30. , The Faculty AssociationBrito, P., Moreira, J., Lino-Neto, J., Morphology of male reproductive system and sperm of Myschocyttarus sp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) (2005) Braz. J. Morphol. Sci., 22, pp. 175-176Brito, P., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Sperm structure and ultrastructure of Melittobia hawaiiensis Perkins and M. australica, Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae) (2009) Tissue Cell, 41, pp. 113-117Brito, P., Zama, U., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., New characteristics of the male reproductive system in the Meliponini bee, Friesella schrottkyi (Hymenoptera: Apidae): histological and physiological development during sexual maturation (2010) Apidologie, 41, pp. 203-215Bushrow, E.S., Fller, C.L., Cowan, D.P., Byr, C.A., Anatomy of the male reproductive system and sperm morphology in the caterpilar-hunting was Ancistrocerus antilope (Hymenoptera Vespidae) (2006) Invert. 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Urban, G.A.R. Melo (Eds.)Moure, J.S., Melo, G.A.R., (2007) Rhathymini Lepeletier, 1841. Catalogue of Bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in the Neotropical Region, pp. 605-608. , Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, Curitiba, Brasil, J.S. Moure, D. Urban, G.A.R. Melo (Eds.)Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Ultrastructure of imaginal spermatozoa of Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) (1999) J. Hym. Res., 8, pp. 35-47Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Leptopilina (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae) (1999) J. Hym. Res., 8, pp. 197-203Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Sperm development and ultrastructure of mature spermatozoa of Megalyra (Hymenoptera: Megalyroidea) (2000) J. Hym. Res., 9, pp. 62-70Oliveira, C.M., Mancini, K., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., Sperm morphology of the Prorops nasuta (Waterston, 1923) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) (2010) Tissue Cell, 42, pp. 242-246Peng, C.Y.S., Yin, C.M., Yin, L.R.S., Ultrastructure of honey bee Apis mellifera, sperm with special emphasis on the acrosomal complex following high-pressure freezing fixation (1993) Physiol. Entomol., 18, pp. 93-101Quicke, D.L.J., Ingram, S.N., Baillie, H.S., Gaitens, P.V., Sperm structure and ultrastructure in the Hymenoptera (Insecta) (1992) Zool. Scrip., 21, pp. 381-402Roig-Alsina, A., Michener, C.D., Studies of the phylogeny and classification of long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera Apoidea) (1993) Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 55, pp. 123-162Silveira, F.A., Melo, G.A.R., Almeida, E.A.B., (2002) Abelhas Brasileiras: Sistemática e Identificação, p. 253. , IDM Composição e Arte, Belo HorizonteThompson, T.E., Blum, M.S., Structure and behavior of spermatozoa of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1967) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 60, pp. 632-642Vivallo, F., Sistemática e filogenia da tribo de abelhas Centridini e suas relações filogenéticas com as tribos cleptoparasitas Ericrocidini e Rhathymini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (2010), PhD thesis, Federal University of ParanáWheeler, D.E., Crichton, E.G., Krutzsch, P.H., Comparative ultrastructure of ant spermatozoa (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) (1990) J. Morphol., 206, pp. 343-350Wheeler, D.E., Krutzsch, P.H., Internal reproductive system in adult males of the genus Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) (1992) J. Morphol., 211, pp. 307-317Zama, U., Estudo estrutural e ultraestrutural dos espermatozóides nas Tribos Apini, Bombini, Euglossini e Meliponini (Hymenoptera: Apinae), com considerações filogenéticas (2003), PhD thesis, State University of CampinasZama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Plebeia (Plebeia) droryana Friese (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponina) (2001) J. Hym. Res., 10, pp. 261-270Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Meliponini (stingless bees) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (2004) Tissue Cell, 36, pp. 29-41Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Melo, S.M., Campos, L.A.O., Dolder, H., Ultrastructural characterization of spermatozoa in Euglossine bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Apinae) (2005) Insect. Soc., 52, pp. 122-131Zama, U., Brito, P., Lino-Neto, J., Campos, L.A.O., Dolder, H., Báo, S.N., The sperm morphology of mud dauber Sceliphron fistularium Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae), as an indicative of bees relation (2005) J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 37, pp. 313-321Zama, U., Moreira, J., Báo, S.N., Campos, L.A.O., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., Morphology of testicular and post-testicular spermatozoa in Microstigmus arlei Richards 1972 and M. nigrophthalmus Melo, 1992 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Pemphredoninae) with phylogenetic consideration (2007) Arth. Struct. Dev., 36, pp. 304-31

Sperm Morphology Of Mud Dauber Sceliphron Fistularium Dahlbom (hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae), As An Indication Of Bees Relation

The morphology of spermatozoon of Sceliphron fistularium is very similar to that described for bees. In particular, the response to E-PTA stains is similar to that observed in corbiculated Apidae, especially Meliponini bees. Spermatozoa measure 285 μm and are composed of 1) a bilayered acrosome (acrosomal vesicle and perforatorium); 2) a homogeneous and compact nucleus; 3) a 9+9+2 axoneme; 4) a rod-shaped centriolar adjunct; 5) two asymmetrical mitochondrial derivatives with paracrystalline material exclusively in the larger one, and 6) two accessory bodies. Only the accessory microtubules of axoneme and the paracrystalline material are E-PTA positive. Comparison of S. fistularium sperm to data on Hymenoptera corroborates their proximity with bees.373-4313321Alexandre, B.A., Michener, C.D., Phylogenetic studies of the families of short-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) (1995) Uni. Kan. Sci. Bull., 55, pp. 377-424Baccetti, B., Insect sperm cell (1972) Adv. Insect. Physiol., 9, pp. 315-397Baer, B., Schimid-Hempel, P., Hoeg, J.T., Boomsma, J.J., Sperm length, sperm storage and mating system characteristics in bumble-bees (2003) Ins. Soc., 50, pp. 101-108Baó, S.N., Gonçalves-simões, D.A., Lino-Neto, J., Sperm ultrastructure of the bees Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) auropilosa Spinola 1853 and Paratetrapedia (Lophopedia) sp. Michener and Moures 1957 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae) (2004) J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol., 36, pp. 23-28Bohari, R.M., Menke, A.S., (1976) Sphecidae Wasp of the World. A Generic Revision, p. 695. , University of California Press, BerkeleyBrothers, D.J., Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to the Mutillidae (1975) Uni. Kan. Sci. Bull., 50, pp. 483-648Brothers, D.J., Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera, Crysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea) (1999) Zool. Scripta, 28, pp. 233-249Cruz-höfling, M.A., Cruz-Landim, C., Kitajima, E.W., The fine structure of spermatozoa from the honey bee (1970) An. Acad. Brás. Ciênc., 42, pp. 69-78Duchateau, M.J., Mariën, J., Sexual biology of haploid and diploid males in the bumble bee Bombus terrestris (1995) Ins. Soc., 42, pp. 255-266Fiorillo, B., Coelho, A.A.M., Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Halictidade (2005) J. Submicrosc. Cythol. Pathol., , in pressHanson, P.E., Gauld, I.D., (1995) The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica, , Oxford University Press, New YorkHoage, T.R., Kessel, R.G., An electron microscope study of the process of differentiation during spermatogenesis in the drone honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) with special reference to centriole replication and elimination (1968) J Ultrastruct. Res., 24, pp. 6-32Jamieson, B.G.M., Dallai, R., Afzelius, B.A., (1999) Insects: Their Spermatozoa and Phylogeny, p. 555. , Scientific Publishers, Enfield, NH, USALanham, U.N., Evolutionary origin of bees (1981) J. NY Entomol. Soc., 88, pp. 199-209Lensky, Y., Ben-David, E., Schindler, H., Ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of the mature drone honey bee (1979) J. Apic. Res., 18, pp. 264-271Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Bephratelloides pomorum (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (1999) Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol., 28, pp. 253-259Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (2000) Acta Zool. (Stockholm), 81, pp. 205-211Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Dolder, H., Sperm ultrastructure of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) (L) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) with emphasis on the nucleus-flagellum transition region (2000) Tissue Cell, 32, pp. 322-327Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Ultrastructural characteristics of the spermatozoa of Scelionidae (HymenopteraPlatygastroidea) with phylogenetic considerations (2001) Zool. Scripta, 30, pp. 89-96Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Redescription of sperm structure and ultrastructure of Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae) (2001) Acta Zool. (Stockholm), 82, pp. 159-164Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Sperm structure and ultrastructure of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Bauren (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (2002) Tissue Cell, 34, pp. 124-128Lomholdt, O., On the origin of the bees (1982) Entomol. Scand., 13, pp. 185-190Melo, G.A.R., Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the major lineages of Apoidea (Hymenoptera), with emphasis on the crabronid wasps (1999) Uni. Kan. Sci. Bull., 14, pp. 1-55Michener, C.D., Family-group names among bees (1986) J. Kan. Ent. Soc., 59, pp. 219-234Michener, C.D., (2000) The Bees of the World, , Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and LondonNewman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Sperm development in the imaginal testes of Aleiodes coxalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) (1998) J. Hym. Res., 7, pp. 25-37Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Ultrastructure of imaginal spermatozoa of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) (1999) J. Hym. Res., 8, pp. 35-47Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Leptopilina (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae) (1999) J. Hym. Res., 8, pp. 197-203Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Sperm development and ultrastructure of mature spermatozoa of Megalyra (Hymenoptera: Megalyroidea) (2000) J. Hym. Res., 9, pp. 62-70Peng, C.Y.S., Yin, C.M., Yin, L.R.S., Effect of rapid freezing and thawing on cellular integrity of honey bee sperm (1992) Physiol. Entomol., 17, pp. 269-276Peng, C.Y.S., Yin, C.M., Yin, L.R.S., Ultrastructure of honey bee, Apis mellifera sperm with special emphasis on the acrosomal complex following high-pressure freezing fixation (1993) Physiol. Entomol., 18, pp. 93-101Quicke, D.L.J., Ingram, S.N., Baillie, H.S., Gaitens, P.V., Sperm structure and ultrastructure in the Hymenoptera (Insecta) (1992) Zool. Scripta, 21, pp. 381-402Rothschild, L., The spermatozoa of the honey bee (1955) Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. (London), 107, pp. 289-294Silveira, F.A., Melo, G.A.R., Almeida, E.A.B., (2002) Abelhas Brasileiras: Sistemática e Identificação, p. 253. , IDM Composição e Arte, Belo HorizonteWheeler, D.E., Crichton, E.D., Krutzsch, P.H., Comparative ultrastructure of ant spermatozoa (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) (1990) J. Morphol., 206, pp. 343-350Zama, U., (2003) Estudo Estrutural e Ultraestrutural Dos Espermatozóides Nas Tribos Apini, Bombini, Euglossini e Meliponini (Hymenoptera: Apinae), Com Considerações Filogenéticas, , PhD thesis. State University of Campinas, BrazilZama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Plebeia (Plebeia) droryana Friese (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponina) (2001) J. Hym. Res., 10, pp. 261-270Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Meliponini (Stingless bees) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (2004) Tissue Cell, 36, pp. 29-41Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Melo, S.M., Campos, L.A.O., Dolder, H., Ultrastructural characterization of spermatozoa in Euglossini bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae) (2005) Ins. Soc., 52, pp. 122-13

Morphology Of Testicular And Post-testicular Spermatozoa In Microstigmus Arlei Richards, 1972 And M. Nigrophthalmus Melo, 1992 (hymenoptera: Apoidea: Pemphredoninae) With Phylogenetic Consideration

The sperm of Microstigmus arlei and Microstigmus nigrophthalmus are twisted in a spiral and consist of two regions: the head, formed by an acrosome and a nucleus, and the flagellum, formed by two asymmetric mitochondrial derivatives, a long centriolar adjunct, an axoneme (9 + 9 + 2) and two accessory bodies. The head shows a characteristic morphology. The acrosome is very long and is basically made up of a paracrystalline structure. In the central head region, the acrosome is inserted into the nucleus, which is observed coiling laterally around the paracrystalline structure. In the subsequent part of the spermatozoon the nucleus appears round in transverse sections, and over some length it is still penetrated by the acrosome until shortly distal to the flagellar insertion. At this point the nucleus forms an inverted cone-shaped projection. These morphological characteristics of acrosome and nucleus of the Microstigmus wasp have not been previously described in Apoidea and are useful for phylogenetic evaluation of this superfamily. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.363304316Alexander, B.A., An exploratory analysis of cladistic relationships within the superfamily Apoidea, with special reference to Sphecid wasps (Hymenoptera) (1992) Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 1 (1), pp. 25-61Araújo, V.A., Zama, U., Neves, C.A., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., Ultrastructural, histological and histochemical characteristics of the epithelial wall of the seminal vesicle of mature Scaptotrigona xanthotricha Moure males (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (4), pp. 193-201Araújo, V.A., Zama, U., Dolder, H., Lino-Neto, J., Morphology and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Scaptotrigona xanthotricha Moure (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (3), pp. 137-141Asís, J.D., Nesting biology of Microstigmus thripoctenus Richards, with a study on nest recognition (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) (2003) Journal of Insect Behavior, 16 (1), pp. 49-65Badke, J.P., Banin, T.M., Scorza, L.C.T., Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Partamona helleri Friese (1900) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (SUPPL), pp. 64-65Baer, B., Schmid-Hempel, P., Hoeg, J.T., Boomsma, J.J., Sperm length, sperm storage and mating system characteristics in bumblebees (2003) Insectes Sociaux, 50, pp. 101-108Báo, S.N., Gonçalves Simões, D., Lino-Neto, J., Sperm ultrastructure of the bees Exomalopsis(Exomalopsis)auropilosa Spinola 1853 and Paratetrapedia(Lophopedia) sp. Michener & Moures 1957 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae) (2004) Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 36 (1), pp. 23-28Beck, V.H., Vergleichende histologische untersuchungen an Polyergus rufescens und Raptiformica sanguinea (1972) Insectes Sociaux, 19, pp. 301-342Bohart, R.M., Menke, A.S., (1976) Sphecidae Wasp of the World. A Generic Revision, , University of California Press, BerkeleyBrito, P., Moreira, J., Lino-Neto, J., Morphology of male reproductive system and sperm of Mischocyttarus sp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (SUPPL), pp. 175-176Chapman, R.F., (1998) The Insects: Structure and Function. fourth ed., , Cambridge Univ. Press, CambrigeConte, M., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Spermatogenesis of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides (Hymenoptera: Apidae): fate of the atypical spermatids (2005) Caryologia, 58 (2), pp. 183-188Cruz-Höfling, M.A., Cruz-Landim, C., Kitajima, E.W., The fine structure of spermatozoa from the honey bee (1970) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 42, pp. 69-78Ferreira, A., Abdalla, F.C., Kerr, W.E., Cruz-Landim, C., Systematics, morphology and physiology. Comparative anatomy of the male reproductive internal organs of 51 species of bees (2004) Neotropical Entomology, 33, pp. 569-576Fiorillo, B.S., Coelho, A.A.M., Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Halictidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) (2005) Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 37 (1), pp. 75-81Fiorillo, B., Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Ultrastructural characterization of the spermatozoon of Xylocopa frontalis (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (SUPPL), pp. 60-61Forbes, J., Do-Van-Quy, D., The anatomy and histology of the male reproductive tract of the legionary ant Neivamyrmex harrisi (1965) Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 73, pp. 95-111Jamieson, B.G.M., Dallai, R., Afzelius, B.A., (1999) Insects: Their Spermatozoa and Phylogeny, , Scientific Publishers, Enfield, USALino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Bephratelloides pomorum (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (1999) International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, 28, pp. 253-259Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of the spermatozoa of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) (2000) Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), 81, pp. 205-211Lino-Neto, J., Báo, S.N., Dolder, H., Sperm ultrastructure of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) (L.) (Hymenoptera, Apidae) with emphasis on the nucleus-flagellum transition region (2000) Tissue and Cell, 32, pp. 322-327Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Ultrastructural characteristics of the spermatozoa of Scelionidae (HymenopteraPlatygastroidea) with phylogenetic considerations (2001) Zoologica Scripta, 30, pp. 89-96Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Redescription of sperm structure and ultrastructure of Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae) (2001) Acta Zoologica (Stockholm), 82, pp. 159-164Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Sperm structure and ultrastructure of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Bauren (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (2002) Tissue and Cell, 34, pp. 124-128Mancini, K., Lino-Neto, J., Delabie, J., Dolder, H., The agregated sperm of army ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ecitoninae) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (SUPPL), p. 54Mancini, K., Lino-Neto, J., Campos, L.A.O., Dolder, H., Sperm ultrastructure of the wasp Agelaia vicina (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (2006) Insectes Sociaux, 53, pp. 333-338Matthews, R.W., Nesting biology of social wasp Microstigmus comes (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Penphredoninae) (1968) Psyche, 75, pp. 23-45Matthews, R.W., Evolutionary of social behavior in sphecid wasps (1991) The Social Biology of Wasps, , Ross K.G., and Matthews R.W. (Eds), Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, ComstockMatthews, R.W., Starr, C.K., Microstigmus comes wasps have a method of nest construction unique among social insects (1984) Biotropica, 16, pp. 55-58Melo, G.A.R., Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the major lineages of Apoidea (Hymenoptera), with emphasis on the cabronid wasps (1999) University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 14. , pp. 1-55Melo, G.A.R., Comportamento social em vespas da família Sphecidae (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) (2000) Série Oecologia Brasiliensis, pp. 85-130. , Ecologia e Comportamento de Insetos. Martins R.L., Lewinsohn T.M., and Barbeitos M.S. (Eds) Rio de JaneiroMoreira, P.A., Araújo, V.A., Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Internal reproductive system in males of the subgenus Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Crabronidae) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (SUPPL), pp. 169-170Moreira, P.A., Araújo, V.A., Lino-Neto, J., Morphology of male reproductive system of Polistes versicolor (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistini) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (SUPPL), pp. 176-177Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Sperm development in the imaginal testes of Aleiodes coxalis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) (1998) Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 7, pp. 25-37Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Ultrastructure of imaginal spermatozoa of sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) (1999) Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 8, pp. 35-47Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Leptopilina (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Eucoilidae) (1999) Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 8, pp. 197-203Newman, T.M., Quicke, D.L.J., Sperm development and ultrastructure of mature spermatozoa of Megalyra (Hymenoptera: Megalyroidea) (2000) Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 9, pp. 62-70Palomeque, T., Cano, M.A., Chica, E., Diaz de la Guardia, R., Spermatogenesis in Tapinoma nigerrimum (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (1990) Cytobios, 62, pp. 71-80Quicke, D.L.J., Ingram, S.N., Baillie, H.S., Gaitens, P.V., Sperm structure and ultrastructure in the Hymenoptera (Insecta) (1992) Zoologica Scripta, 21, pp. 381-402Roig-Alsina, A., Michener, C.D., Studies of the phylogeny and classification of long-tong bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) (1993) University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55, pp. 123-162Ross, K.G., Matthews, R.W., New evidence for eusociality in the Sphecidae wasp Microstigmus comes (1989) Animal Behavior, 38, pp. 613-619Wheeler, D.E., Crichton, E.D., Krutzsch, P.H., Comparative ultrastructure of ant spermatozoa (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) (1990) Journal of Morphology, 206, pp. 343-350Wheeler, D.E., Krutzsch, P.H., Internal reproductive system in adult males of the genus Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) (1992) Journal of Morphology, 211, pp. 307-317Wilkes, A., Lee, P.E., The ultrastructure of dimorphic spermatozoa in hymenoptera Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zett.) (Eulophidae) (1965) Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 7, pp. 609-619Wilson, O.E., (1971) The Insect Societies, , Belknap Press, Harvard, CambridgeZama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Plebeia (Plebeia)droryana Friese (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponina) (2001) Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 10, pp. 261-270Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Structure and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in Meliponini (stingless bees) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (2004) Tissue and Cell, 36, pp. 29-41Zama, U., Lino-Neto, J., Melo, S.M., Campos, L.A.O., Dolder, H., Ultrastructural characterization of spermatozoa in Euglossini bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apinae) (2005) Insectes Sociaux, 52 (2), pp. 122-131Zama, U., Bottura, G., Lino-Neto, J., Dolder, H., Báo, S.N., The nucleus-flagellum transition in Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) subgenus, with emphasis on a singular centriolar adjunct (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Crabronidae) (2005) Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences, 22 (SUPPL), p. 56Zama, U., Brito, P., Lino-Neto, J., Campos, L.A.O., Dolder, H., Báo, S.N., The sperm morphology of mud dauber Sceliphron fistularium Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Sphecidae), as an indicative of bees relation (2005) Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 37 (3-4), pp. 91-9

Sperm Bundles in the Seminal Vesicles of Sexually Mature Lasius Ant Males

In many insects, sperm cells are produced in bundles with their heads being held together by a glycoprotein matrix secreted by a cyst cell. Mature sperm cells in the seminal vesicles are usually free, but in sawflies and several other insects, such structures (spermatodesmata) remain intact and sperm cells may be ejaculated as bundles. Here we report the occurrence of spermatodesmata in mature males of the ant Lasius pallitarsis. Microscopic investigations of the abdominal contents of males immediately prior to their nuptial flights showed that the anterior ends of numerous sperm cells were embedded in an oval-shaped 20 by 30 micrometer extracellular fibrous cap. Individual sperm ranged in length from 55 to 75 micrometers with an average overall length of 65 micrometers. The bulb-shaped heads of the sperm were relatively small, only about 1.5 micrometers in length and about 1.1 micrometers in diameter. The diameter of the sperm tails was approximately 1 micrometer. Observations of live preparations of the spermatodesmata showed increasingly active undulating wave-like movement of the sperm tails as the slide preparations aged. This appears to be the first case of sperm bundles being present in the seminal vesicles of mature ant males – males that are immediately poised to complete their nuptial mating flight