Of markets, meat, maize and milk

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Cross-border cattle marketing in Sub-Saharan Africa since 1990: geographical patterns and government induced change

This chapter aims to study the impact of government policies on cross-border cattle marketing in Africa. It analyses the extent to which this type of cross-border trade has been created, diverted or contracted as a result of government policies. The chapter portrays the geographical patterns of cattle trade in the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial periods. It examines the main reasons for the increase, decline or diversion of cross-border cattle trade and it specifically pays attention to trade and other policies. The volume of cross-border cattle trade in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is often long distance trade, became significant when the colonial economy developed. Population growth, export production and increased incomes triggered demand for meat in newly emerging consumption areas. Whereas colonial trade policies contributed little to this expansion in West Africa, government interventions in East and Southern Africa had more impact. However, despite the stronger grip of the state on cattle marketing in East and Southern Africa, much of the cross-border cattle trade in these regions was in the hands of private traders like in West Africa. In the post-colonial era, government interventions increased through the creation of cattle and meat marketing boards. However, in West Africa many of these boards never functioned properly. In East and Southern Africa their impact was substantial, still most of them were dismantled under structural adjustment programs. The chapter concludes that mainly changes in supply caused by (civil) wars and droughts, and changes in demand caused by rising and falling economic prosperity have had significant impact on cross-border cattle trade, which was accordingly created, diverted or contracted. Notwithstanding differences between West Africa on the one hand and East and Southern Africa on the other, government policies aiming at intervention in cattle marketing only temporarily and to a smaller extent affected cross-border trade. Slightly more important are general economic policies resulting for example in currency fluctuations. Private cattle traders are acknowledged for their remarkable responsiveness to both short and long term opportunities cross-border cattle trade, legal or illicit, offer to them

Scale of Emotional Development – Short: reliability and validity in adults with intellectual disability

Background Intellectual disability (ID) is often associated with delays in emotional development (ED). The Scale of Emotional Development – Short (SED-S) was developed to assess the level of ED and to adapt treatment and care accordingly. Methods In a sample of 724 adults from five study sites in three countries, a confirmatory factor analysis with a one-factor model was conducted on the entire dataset as well as in different subgroups. Furthermore, internal consistency was investigated using Cronbach's alpha. Results The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a single-factor model fits the SED-S data well. The subgroup analyses revealed good model fit, regardless of the severity of ID and irrespective of sex or the presence of autism spectrum disorder or psychiatric disorders. Internal consistency was excellent for the entire sample (Cronbach's alpha = 0.93) and various subgroups (0.869–0.938). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that the SED-S is psychometrically sound and can be used to assess the level of ED in adults with ID

Patient going for PRK treatment for refractive error in Al-Jouf region, Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) has been widely used as an efficient, secure, and cost-effective method for treating patients with low to moderate myopia. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of accepted and rejected reasons candidates going for PRK treatment for refractive error in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted among 255 candidates going for PRK treatment for refractive in the department of ophthalmology at tertiary care hospital in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia from August 2023 to October 2023.The following measurements of eye were noted for the enrolled patients in the study: visual acuity (VA) sine correction (SC) Visual acuity cum correction (CC), refractive error (RE) Central corneal thickness (CCT), Pentacam Astigmatism, keratometry (K1 and K2), spherical, cylindrical, and axis power in diopters, cycloplegic refraction, and pupillary diameter in normal daytime illumination in a room. Results: Total 255 patients were included in this study among them 119 (46.67%) male and 136 (53.33%) female with average age of 26 in both male and female. Total 160 were fit and 95 were not fit. Visual acuity cum correction (CC) ocular dexter (OD) and Visual acuity cum correction (CC) ocular sinister (OS) reported both statistically significant with p value <0.001. Both K Max OS and K Max OD are statistically significant. The dry eye was evaluated by using Schimer test with mean of 15.00 and 10.00 with p value <0.001 were found significant. Conclusion:  This study concluded that 62.74% were reported fit and 37.26% were not fit for PRK treatment for refractive error because of the dry eye, Keratoconus, rocotane, amblyopia, hyperopia, diabetics and pregnancy in Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. The Pentacam Astigmatism and dry eye was found statistically significant in both fit and unfit group

Conceptualising economic change in pastoral societies under pressure. With four Kenyan case studies: the Pokot, the Maasai, the Somali and the situation in Marsabit

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