Seasonal and spring interannual variations in satellite-observed chlorophyll-a in the Yellow and East China Seas: New datasets with reduced interference from high concentration of resuspended sediment

Seasonal and spring interannual variations in chlorophyll-a (Chl) and total suspended matter (TSM) in the Yellow and East China Seas through a 10-year period were examined by using new datasets from Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Ocean Color Project (YOC) algorithms. YOC SCHL calculations are based on a combination of the SeaWiFS standard algorithm and a local empirical algorithm for areas of low and high normalized water leaving radiance 555 nm, respectively. YOC SCHL was lower than the standard SCHL in areas with high concentrations of resuspended sediment, especially along the Chinese and Korean coasts and around the Changjiang Bank from fall to spring. YOC SCHL was high in areas of low TSM in the middle of the Yellow Sea, and off shore of the Changjiang Bank in April, indicating the occurrence of spring blooms. In these areas, TSM was dominated by phytoplankton cells and phytoplankton-related organic particles. Offshore from the Changjiang River mouth and around the Changjiang Bank, YOC SCHL and TSM in March were low and high, respectively, with maximum YOC SCHL values occurring around the Changjiang Bank in May. Spring bloom started with decrease in resuspended sediment concentrations in these areas. During summer, YOC SCHL values were high and TSM concentrations were low; TSM was dominated by organic particles related to phytoplankton activity when Changjiang River diluted water moved from the river mouth to east of the bank. YOC SCHL in spring offshore from the Changjiang River mouth increased significantly during the 10 years, and correspond to an increase in redtide events. In the middle of the Yellow Sea, maximum YOCS CHL in spring increased gradually and significantly during the 10 years. Many of the spatial and temporal variations in YOC SCHL were consistent with a range of earlier in situ descriptions. Our results indicate that the satellite ocean data with proper algorithms is a powerful tool to analyze phytoplankton dynamics in moderate-high suspended sediment area

IMBeR into the future Science Plan and Implementation Strategy 2016-2025

The Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) project, formerly the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER1) project, is a global environmental change research initiative. Since its start in 2005, IMBeR has advanced understanding about potential marine environmental effects of global change, and the impacts and linkages to human systems at multiple scales. It is apparent that complex environmental issues and associated societal/sustainability choices operate at and across the interfaces of natural and social sciences and the humanities, and require both basic, curiosity-driven research and problem-driven, policy-relevant research. Collaborative, disciplinary, interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary and integrated research that addresses key ocean science issues generated by and/or impacting society is required to provide evidence-based knowledge and guidance, along with options for policy-makers, managers and marine-related communities, to help achieve sustainability of the marine realm under global change. This recognition underlies a new vision, “Ocean sustainability under global change for the benefit of society”, to guide IMBeR research for the next decade (2016-2025). This vision recognises that the evolution of marine ecosystems (including biogeochemical cycles and human systems) is linked to natural and anthropogenic drivers and stressors, as articulated in the new IMBeR research goal to, “Understand, quantify and compare historic and present structure and functioning of linked ocean and human systems to predict and project changes including developing scenarios and options for securing or transitioning towards ocean sustainability”. To implement its new vision and goal in the next decade, IMBeR’s mission is to, “Promote integrated marine research and enable capabilities for developing and implementing ocean sustainability options within and across the natural and social sciences, and communicate relevant information and knowledge needed by society to secure sustainable, productive and healthy oceans”. This Science Plan and Implementation Strategy provides a 10-year (2016-2025) marine research agenda for IMBeR. It is developed around three Grand Challenges (GC, see Graphical Executive Summary) focusing on climate variability, global change and drivers and stressors. The qualitative and quantitative understanding of historic and present ocean variability and change (Grand Challenge I) are the basis for scenarios, projections and predictions of the future (Grand Challenge II). These are linked in Grand Challenge III to understand how humans are causing the variability and changes, and how they, in turn, are impacted by these changes, including feedbacks between the human and ocean systems. Priority research areas with overarching and specific research questions are identified for each Grand Challenge. The Grand Challenges are supplemented with Innovation Challenges (IC, see graphical executive summary) that focus on new topics for IMBeR where research is needed and where it is believed that major achievements can be made within three to five years. The Innovation Challenges also provide a means for IMBeR to adjust its focus as major science discoveries are made and new priorities arise, especially regarding scientific innovations

Decadal variability in the Yellow and East China Seas as revealed by satellite ocean color data (1979–2003)

418-429Satellite ocean color data from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) in 1979 to 1984 and the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) in 1998 to 2003 are examined to determine whether there have been changes in chlorophyll concentration and suspended sediment as indicated by changes in satellite-derived optical properties during the past two decades in the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS). We compare water-leaving radiance measurements at 443 and 555 nm [the CZCS band is centered at 550 nm, but we consider this comparable to the SeaWiFS 555-nm band] and discuss possible reasons for the changes observed. The shallow coastal areas of the YECS exhibited high water-leaving radiance in the 555-nm band (Lw555) during two time periods, indicating that these waters are sediment-dominated Case-2 waters. Between the CZCS era and the SeaWiFS era, Lw443 increased in these areas by 17%61%, and Lw555 increased by 67108%. In the deeper waters, Lw443 decreased by 25%31%, which would indicate an increase in absorbing materials such as chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Between the CZCS and SeaWiFS eras, the average chlorophyll concentration (based on Case-1 algorithms) increased by 15-60% in these offshore deep waters. Periodical in situ measurements from 61 stations in the western coast of Korea from 1978 and 2002 were compared with the trends found in satellite data. The results show that there were increasing trends in temperature and zooplankton biomass, and decreasing trends in salinity and Secchi depth. The satellite data surrounding these stations showed an increase in Lw555 (49 %), a decrease in the Lw443 (12 %), and an increase in chlorophyll (46 %). From the results, it is inferred that there have been environmental changes in the Yellow Sea during the last two decades from 1979 to 2003

Primary Production in the Yellow Sea Determined by Ocean Color Remote Sensing

The Yellow Sea is a shelf sea surrounded by the Korean peninsula and the eastern coast of China. The bordering countries derive a substantial share of their food from fishing in these coastal waters. Synoptic maps of water-column integrated primary production in May and September were derived using a primary production algorithm applied to ocean color satellite data from the Yellow Sea from 1998 to 2003. The middle of the Yellow Sea (MYS) had higher levels of primary production in May and September than the shallower (<50 m) areas off the coasts of Korea and China. Although the coastal areas had high phytoplankton biomass, lower levels of primary production were caused by high turbidity arising from strong tides and shallow depths. Lower turbidity in the central part of the Yellow Sea allows light necessary for primary production to penetrate deeper into the water column. The mean daily integrated primary production in the MYS was 947 mg C m2 d 1 in May and723 mg C m-2d-1 in September. The mean values in Chinese and Korean coastal waters were 590and 589 mg C-m-2 d 1 in May, and 734 and 553 mg C-m-2d 1 in September, respectively. Our computation of daily total primary production for the entire Yellow Sea was 19.7 ×104t C d - 1 in May, and 15.8 ×104t C d-1 in September.JRC.H.5-Rural, water and ecosystem resource

Scientific and technological community major group position paper for the 2022 high-level political forum: Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Contributors; Sinjae Yoo, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Paul Myers, Charlotte Laufkoetter, PatriciaMiloslavich (SCOR), Clement Brousse, Radhey Shyam Goyal, Debdas Ray, Alexander Fekete, Li Li, AnjaScheffers, Timothy Adivilah Balag'kutu, Zhangcai Qin, Montserrat Koloffon Rosas (Future Earth),IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee, Avit Bhowmik (Karlstad University), Bob Webb (AustralianNational University), Magdalena Stoeva (International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences inMedicine (IUPESM), Marcelo Knobel, Roberto Lent (Brazilian Academy of Sciences), Paul ArthurBerkman (UNITAR), Paulo S. R. Diniz, Roberto Schaeffer (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), WFEO:Elizabeth G. King, Amy L. Brooks, Jose Vieira, Gong Ke, Marlene Kanga, William Kelly, K. N. Gunalan.Position paper of the Scientific and technological community major group position paper for the 2022 high-level political forum Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable DevelopmentThe Scientific and Technological Community Major Group, jointly facilitated by the International Science Council and the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), submitted a position paper for the upcoming 2022 High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), which will be held on 5-15 July. The theme of the HLPF this year is “Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”

Scientific and technological community major group position paper for the 2022 high-level political forum: Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Contributors; Sinjae Yoo, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Paul Myers, Charlotte Laufkoetter, PatriciaMiloslavich (SCOR), Clement Brousse, Radhey Shyam Goyal, Debdas Ray, Alexander Fekete, Li Li, AnjaScheffers, Timothy Adivilah Balag'kutu, Zhangcai Qin, Montserrat Koloffon Rosas (Future Earth),IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee, Avit Bhowmik (Karlstad University), Bob Webb (AustralianNational University), Magdalena Stoeva (International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences inMedicine (IUPESM), Marcelo Knobel, Roberto Lent (Brazilian Academy of Sciences), Paul ArthurBerkman (UNITAR), Paulo S. R. Diniz, Roberto Schaeffer (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), WFEO:Elizabeth G. King, Amy L. Brooks, Jose Vieira, Gong Ke, Marlene Kanga, William Kelly, K. N. Gunalan.Position paper of the Scientific and technological community major group position paper for the 2022 high-level political forum Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable DevelopmentThe Scientific and Technological Community Major Group, jointly facilitated by the International Science Council and the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), submitted a position paper for the upcoming 2022 High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), which will be held on 5-15 July. The theme of the HLPF this year is “Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”

Scientific and technological community major group position paper for the 2022 high-level political forum: Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Contributors; Sinjae Yoo, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Paul Myers, Charlotte Laufkoetter, PatriciaMiloslavich (SCOR), Clement Brousse, Radhey Shyam Goyal, Debdas Ray, Alexander Fekete, Li Li, AnjaScheffers, Timothy Adivilah Balag'kutu, Zhangcai Qin, Montserrat Koloffon Rosas (Future Earth),IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee, Avit Bhowmik (Karlstad University), Bob Webb (AustralianNational University), Magdalena Stoeva (International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences inMedicine (IUPESM), Marcelo Knobel, Roberto Lent (Brazilian Academy of Sciences), Paul ArthurBerkman (UNITAR), Paulo S. R. Diniz, Roberto Schaeffer (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), WFEO:Elizabeth G. King, Amy L. Brooks, Jose Vieira, Gong Ke, Marlene Kanga, William Kelly, K. N. Gunalan.Position paper of the Scientific and technological community major group position paper for the 2022 high-level political forum Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable DevelopmentThe Scientific and Technological Community Major Group, jointly facilitated by the International Science Council and the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), submitted a position paper for the upcoming 2022 High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), which will be held on 5-15 July. The theme of the HLPF this year is “Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”

Scientific and technological community major group position paper for the 2022 high-level political forum: Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

Contributors; Sinjae Yoo, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Paul Myers, Charlotte Laufkoetter, PatriciaMiloslavich (SCOR), Clement Brousse, Radhey Shyam Goyal, Debdas Ray, Alexander Fekete, Li Li, AnjaScheffers, Timothy Adivilah Balag'kutu, Zhangcai Qin, Montserrat Koloffon Rosas (Future Earth),IMBeR Scientific Steering Committee, Avit Bhowmik (Karlstad University), Bob Webb (AustralianNational University), Magdalena Stoeva (International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences inMedicine (IUPESM), Marcelo Knobel, Roberto Lent (Brazilian Academy of Sciences), Paul ArthurBerkman (UNITAR), Paulo S. R. Diniz, Roberto Schaeffer (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), WFEO:Elizabeth G. King, Amy L. Brooks, Jose Vieira, Gong Ke, Marlene Kanga, William Kelly, K. N. Gunalan.Position paper of the Scientific and technological community major group position paper for the 2022 high-level political forum Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable DevelopmentThe Scientific and Technological Community Major Group, jointly facilitated by the International Science Council and the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO), submitted a position paper for the upcoming 2022 High-Level Political Forum (HLPF), which will be held on 5-15 July. The theme of the HLPF this year is “Building back better from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) while advancing the full implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”