Subpixel Detection of Spectrum Images by Photodiode Structures

The present paper is devoted to the issues of enhancing the photometer’s resolving power when the spectrum images are detected by linear image sensors on emission spectrometers. Here we focus our attention on the case where the size of a photodiode structure pixel exceeds the width of the point-spread function of an optical device. It is shown that a combination of the parallel detection of all points of an image with its successive shift relative to a recording structure ensures proper recording of thus obtained image, hence the optical section of the device with an arbitrarily large sensor pixel having no loss of resolution. The problem pertaining to measurement data handling reduces to finding a solution to the inconsistent set of linear equations. An algorithm is suggested for solving the derived system of equations. The results illustrating the operation of this particular algorithm are herewith shown.Работа посвящена вопросам повышения разрешающей способности фотометра при регистрации изображений спектров фотодиодными линейками на эмиссионных спектрометрах. Рассматривается случай, когда размер пиксела фотодиодной структуры превосходит размеры пятна замытия оптического прибора. Показано, что сочетание параллельного способа регистрации всех точек изображения с последовательным его смещением относительно регистрирующей структуры позволяет зарегистрировать полученное таким образом изображение без потери разрешающей способности оптической части прибора при произвольно большом пикселе детектора. Задача обработки результатов измерений сводится к решению несовместной системы линейных уравнений. Предлагается алгоритм решения полученной системы уравнений и приводятся результаты, иллюстрирующие действие этого алгоритма.Робота присвячена питанням покращання роздільної здатності фотометра при реєстрації зображень спектрів лінійками фотодіодів на емісійних фотометрах. Розглянуто випадок, коли розмір піксела фотодіодної структури перевищує розміри плями розмитості оптичного приладу. Показано, що поєднання паралельного способу реєстрації усіх точок зображення з його послідовним зміщенням відносно фотодіодної структури дозволяє зареєструвати одержане таким чином зображення без втрати роздільної здатності оптичної частини приладу за довільно великого піксела детектора. Задача обробки результатів вимірювання зводиться до розв'язання несумісної системи лінійних рівнянь. Запропоновано алгоритм розв'язання одержаної системи рівнянь та наведено результати, що ілюструють дію цього алгоритму

Experimental investigation of the role of thyrocalcitonin in the prophylaxis of disturbances in the water-salt and mineral metabolism during a 30-day hypokinesia

The effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) injections on the metabolism of water and electrolytes in free-moving and immobilized chinchilla hares is described. Calcium excretion from immobilized animals was elevated, but normalized in those also receiving TCT injections. TCT also normalized water content and excretion rates

Internet and personality of digital natives: the problem of virtual boundaries

The paper dwells on the problem of the relationship of reality and Internet virtuality. The competitive structures of virtual interactions in the mental continuums of the Internet and related changes in the semantic structure of the individual are clarifie

Cyclic nucleotides in tissues during long-term hypokinesia

Male Wistar rates were kept hypokinetic by placing them in small containers for 22 days. Blood plasma cAMP content was subsequently found increased, and cGMP content decreased, in the experimental animals. Liver and thymus cAMP content was similar in the control and experimental animals. There was a 20 and 38% decrease of cAMP content in the kidneys and spleen, respectively. Hypokinesia's reduction of cyclic nucleotides seems to inhibit RNA and protein synthesis

Statistical detection of systematic election irregularities

Democratic societies are built around the principle of free and fair elections, that each citizen's vote should count equal. National elections can be regarded as large-scale social experiments, where people are grouped into usually large numbers of electoral districts and vote according to their preferences. The large number of samples implies certain statistical consequences for the polling results which can be used to identify election irregularities. Using a suitable data collapse, we find that vote distributions of elections with alleged fraud show a kurtosis of hundred times more than normal elections on certain levels of data aggregation. As an example we show that reported irregularities in recent Russian elections are indeed well explained by systematic ballot stuffing and develop a parametric model quantifying to which extent fraudulent mechanisms are present. We show that if specific statistical properties are present in an election, the results do not represent the will of the people. We formulate a parametric test detecting these statistical properties in election results. Remarkably, this technique produces similar outcomes irrespective of the data resolution and thus allows for cross-country comparisons.Comment: For data see also http://www.complex-systems.meduniwien.ac.at/elections/election.htm

КОМПЛЕКСНИЙ СТАТИСТИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ДАНИХ МЕДИЧНИХ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ ЗА ДІТЬМИ З ГОСТРОЮ ХІРУРГІЧНОЮ ПАТОЛОГІЄЮ

Background. Modern information technologies provide the opportunity to apply different methods of Data Mining and statistics for analyze the huge archives of medical data, containing information about the various cases of each existing disease etc. Purpose. The purpose of this research is developing a method for a comprehensive statistical analysis of the data of medical observations for children with acute surgical pathology to detect the influence of different infusion media used in the treatment on the clinical and laboratory parameters of the children. We compare three solutions — based on glucose with the addition of electrolytes, Ringer's lactate and Ringer's malat. Materials and methods. Input information — results of clinical observation of 137 children with acute surgical pathology aged 6 to 17 years during consecutive five days. All patients are divided into two groups by age: 1 — from 6 to 12 years, 2 — from 13 to 17 years, and into three categories by type of infusion solution used during treatment. The biochemical composition of urine and blood of each patient is represented by the following data: blood red blood cells, hemoglobin, leukocytes, diuresis speed, body surface area, daily diuresis, density and acetone in urine, potassium, sodium, chlorine, lactate, urea in blood, renal and cardiac enzymes , urea nitrogen, the rate of filtration of creatine in the kidneys; creatine, glucose and acidity of blood, total number of acidic and alkaline buffers in the blood, blood bicarbonate level, anionic gap, blood osmolarity, potassium, sodium content, creatine chloride in urine, sodium excretion by the kidneys. Instrumental researches have established: shock volume of heart, minute volume of blood, cardiac index, volume of external and intracellular fluid and circulating blood (% of body weight), total peripheral resistance of vessels. The procedure of each mentioned indicator analysis, proposed and implemented in Java language, include: a) calculating of descriptive statistics and confidence interval for each of the five observations in each patient group; b) assessing the significance of the difference in the sample mean of two observations (the first and each subsequent one) using the student's t-criterion or Wilcox's W-criterion; c) calculating the rate of indicator change and its descriptive statistics and its comparative analysis for different solutions using the Student's t-criterion (for independent samples) or the Mann-Whitney U-criterion; d) comparison of the one therapy action in the different age patients groups. Results. It is elicited rates for which certain therapies used in treatment have a significant or almost no effect, supporting the indicator within acceptable limits. A comparative analysis of the therapy effect in different age groups and a comparison of three types of therapy among themselves are carried out. For each of the biochemical or physiological indicators, we determined moments when a certain solution starts to affect it substantially. Conclusions. The developed application software allows you to quickly automatically perform an analysis of the effects of various types of therapy used to treat one disease, based on patient data collected over several consecutive days. Such an analysis facilitates the generation of substantiated conclusions about further therapeutic treatment.Предложена методика комплексного статистического анализа данных наблюдений за состоянием детей с хирургической патологией двух возрастных групп. Представлены результаты программной реализации разработанного алгоритма. Выявлен терапевтический эффект от применения каждого из трех лекарственных средств — раствора на основе глюкозы с добавлением электролитов, кристаллоидых растворов Рингера лактат и малат. Приведена сравнительная характеристика действия лекарственных средств в разных возрастных группах пациентов.Запропонована методика комплексного статистичного аналізу даних спостережень за станом дітей із хірургічною патологією двох вікових груп. Представлено результати програмної реалізації розробленого алгоритму. Виявлений терапевтичний ефект від застосування кожного з трьох лікарських засобів — розчину на основі глюкози з додаванням електролітів, кри-сталоїдних розчинів Рінгера лактат та малат. Наведено порівняльну характеристику дії лікарських засобів у різних вікових групах пацієнтів

Clinical and economic analysis and its role in healthcare quality management

The increasing costs of public health and a growing demand for high-level medicine require the development of efficient economic methods of evaluation and quality management. This article proves that the Clinical and Economic Analysis (C&EA) is the most efficient in terms of cost-benefits. Furthermore, the article defines the role of C&EA by using the principles of evidence-based medicine. A comparative study of the Russian and European experience of C&EA is carried out, with an emphasis on Russian healthcare problems. The article concludes that a modernized C&EA methodology should be introduced, taking into account the European - particularly the French - model of healthcare. © IDOSI Publications, 2013