Role of T2 mapping of magnetic resonance imaging in the differentiation of endometrial cancer and benign endometrial lesions

PURPOSEThe T2 mapping of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in endometrial cancer (EC), benign endometrial lesions (BELs), and normal endometrium (NE) has rarely been reported. This study aimed to determine the T2 values of MRI in EC, BELs, and NE to investigate whether the T2 values can differentiate them and to assess the aggressiveness of EC.METHODSIn total, 73 patients [EC, 51 (age, 57.4 ± 5.4 years); BELs, 22 (age, 57.8 ± 11.8 years)] and 23 normal volunteers (age, 56.1 ± 6.6 years) were included. The T2 values of MRI of the EC (type I and II), BEL, and NE groups were described and compared. The relationships between the T2 values of MRI in EC and the pathological characteristics [International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and grade] were analyzed.RESULTSThe median T2 values of NE, BEL, and EC were 197.5 (142.9–324.0) ms, 131.1 (103.2–247.9) ms, and 103.0 (71.6–243.5) ms (P < 0.001), respectively. The median T2 values of type I and type II EC were 100.8 (71.62–130.44) ms and 125.7 (119.7–243.5) ms, respectively. There were significant differences in the T2 values among the NE, BEL, type I EC, and type II EC groups (P < 0.001) except for between the type II EC and BEL groups (P = 0.938). The T2 value of MRI in type I EC was significantly lower than that in type II EC (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in patients with type I EC having different FIGO stages (P = 0.273) or tumor grades (P = 0.686).CONCLUSIONT2 mapping of MRI has the potential to quantitatively differentiate between EC, BELs, and NE as well as between type I and type II EC

Cluster-randomized controlled trial of the effects of free glasses on purchase of children's glasses in China:The PRICE (Potentiating Rural Investment in Children's Eyecare) study

Offering free glasses can be important to increase children's wear. We sought to assess whether "Upgrade glasses" could avoid reduced glasses sales when offering free glasses to children in China.In this cluster-randomized, controlled trial, children with uncorrected visual acuity (VA)6/12 in both eyes at 138 randomly-selected primary schools in 9 counties in Guangdong and Yunnan provinces, China, were randomized by school to one of four groups: glasses prescription only (Control); Free Glasses; Free Glasses + offer of $15 Upgrade Glasses; Free Glasses + offer of$30 Upgrade Glasses. Spectacle purchase (main outcome) was assessed 6 months after randomization.Among 10,234 children screened, 882 (8.62%, mean age 10.6 years, 45.5% boys) were eligible and randomized: 257 (29.1%) at 37 schools to Control; 253 (28.7%) at 32 schools to Free Glasses; 187 (21.2%) at 31 schools to Free Glasses + $15 Upgrade; and 185 (21.0$30 Upgrade. Baseline ownership among these children needing glasses was 11.8% (104/882), and 867 (98.3%) children completed follow-up. Glasses purchase was significantly less likely when free glasses were given: Control: 59/250 = 23.6%; Free glasses: 32/252 = 12.7%, P = 0.010. Offering Upgrade Glasses eliminated this difference: Free + $15 Upgrade: 39/183 = 21.3$30 Upgrade: 38/182 = 20.9%, RR 0.91 (0.59, 1.42), P = 0.69.Upgrade glasses can prevent reductions in glasses purchase when free spectacles are provided, providing important program income.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02231606. Registered on 31 August 2014

Population prevalence of myopia, glasses wear and free glasses acceptance among minority versus Han schoolchildren in China.

AimTo measure myopia, glasses wear and free glasses acceptance among minority and Han children in China.MethodsVisual acuity testing and questionnaires assessing ethnicity, study time, and parental and teacher factors were administered to a population-based sample of 9-12 year old minority and Han children in Yunnan and Guangdong, and their teachers and parents. Refraction was performed on children with uncorrected visual acuity (VA) Main outcome measuresBaseline myopia (uncorrected visual acuity = 1 eye and spherical equivalent refractive power ResultsAmong 10,037 children (mean age 10.6 years, 52.3% boys), 800 (8.0%) were myopic, 4.04% among Yunnan Minority children (OR 0.47, 95%CI 0.33, 0.67, PConclusionMyopia is more common among Han children and in wealthier Guangdong. Baseline differences in glasses wear could be explained by student, teacher and parental factors. Yunnan Minority children were more likely to accept free glasses

Baseline characteristics of 882 children with correctable refractive error by randomization groups.

<p>Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise.</p

Number of children needing glasses, owning glasses at baseline, purchasing glasses prior to endline (main study outcome) and observed wearing glasses at endline (secondary outcome), by randomization group.

<p>Number of children needing glasses, owning glasses at baseline, purchasing glasses prior to endline (main study outcome) and observed wearing glasses at endline (secondary outcome), by randomization group.</p

Enrolment and progression of children through the study.

<p>Enrolment and progression of children through the study.</p

Effect of randomization group and other potential determinants on purchase of glasses prior to endline (main study outcome) adjusting for cluster effects within school.

<p>Effect of randomization group and other potential determinants on purchase of glasses prior to endline (main study outcome) adjusting for cluster effects within school.</p