Metasomatized lithospheric mantle for Mesozoic giant gold deposits in the North China craton

The origin of giant lode gold deposits of Mesozoic age in the North China craton (NCC) is enigmatic because high-grade metamorphic ancient crust would be highly depleted in gold. Instead, lithospheric mantle beneath the crust is the likely source of the gold, which may have been anomalously enriched by metasomatic processes. However, the role of gold enrichment and metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle remains unclear. Here, we present comprehensive data on gold and platinum group element contents of mantle xenoliths (n = 28) and basalts (n = 47) representing the temporal evolution of the eastern NCC. The results indicate that extensive mantle metasomatism and hydration introduced some gold (<1–2 ppb) but did not lead to a gold-enriched mantle. However, volatile-rich basalts formed mainly from the metasomatized lithospheric mantle display noticeably elevated gold contents as compared to those from the asthenosphere. Combined with the significant inheritance of mantle-derived volatiles in auriferous fluids of ore bodies, the new data reveal that the mechanism for the formation of the lode gold deposits was related to the volatile-rich components that accumulated during metasomatism and facilitated the release of gold during extensional craton destruction and mantle melting. Gold-bearing, hydrous magmas ascended rapidly along translithospheric fault zones and evolved auriferous fluids to form the giant deposits in the crust

Result Diversification in Search and Recommendation: A Survey

Diversifying return results is an important research topic in retrieval systems in order to satisfy both the various interests of customers and the equal market exposure of providers. There has been growing attention on diversity-aware research during recent years, accompanied by a proliferation of literature on methods to promote diversity in search and recommendation. However, diversity-aware studies in retrieval systems lack a systematic organization and are rather fragmented. In this survey, we are the first to propose a unified taxonomy for classifying the metrics and approaches of diversification in both search and recommendation, which are two of the most extensively researched fields of retrieval systems. We begin the survey with a brief discussion of why diversity is important in retrieval systems, followed by a summary of the various diversity concerns in search and recommendation, highlighting their relationship and differences. For the survey's main body, we present a unified taxonomy of diversification metrics and approaches in retrieval systems, from both the search and recommendation perspectives. In the later part of the survey, we discuss the open research questions of diversity-aware research in search and recommendation in an effort to inspire future innovations and encourage the implementation of diversity in real-world systems.Comment: 20 page

Population Size, Genetic Diversity and Molecular Evidence of a Recent Population Bottleneck in Hynobius chinensis, an Endangered Salamander Species

Severe population declines can reduce species to small populations, offering permissive conditions for deleterious processes. For example, following such events, species can become prone to inbreeding and genetic drift which can lead to a loss of genetic diversity and evolutionary potentials. Hynobius chinensis is a poorly studied very rare and declining endangered amphibian species endemic to China in Changyang County. We investigated adult census population size by monitoring breeding populations from 2015 to 2018, developed microsatellite markers from the transcriptome and used them to investigate genetic diversity, and a population bottleneck in this species. We found H. chinensis in 4 different localities in a total area of 2.18 km2 and estimated the overall adult census population size at 386–404 individuals. The adult census size (mean ± SE) per breeding pond ranged from 44 ± 6 to 141 ± 8 individuals and appeared smaller than that reported in closely related species in undisturbed habitats. We developed and characterized 13 microsatellite markers in total. Analysis of data at 7 loci (N = 118) in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium gathered from the largest population showed that genetic diversity level was low. The average number of alleles per locus was 2.14. The observed and expected heterozygosities averaged 0.38 and 0.40, respectively. The inbreeding coefficient was –0.06. All tests performed to investigate a population bottleneck, i.e. The Garza-Williamson test, Heterozygosity excess test, Mode shift test of allele frequency, and effective population size estimates detected a population bottleneck. The contemporary and the historical effective population sizes were estimated at 36 and 234 individuals, respectively. We argue that as bottleneck effects, the studied population may have become prone to genetic drift and inbreeding, losing microsatellite alleles and heterozygosity. Our results suggest that populations of H. chinensis may have been extirpated in the study area

New constraints on the pre-Permian continental crust growth of Central Asia (West Junggar, China) by U-Pb and Hf isotopic data from detrital zircon.

International audienceIn-situ U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from various Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks of West Junggar accretionary complexes (Central Asia) suggests two distinct episodes of arc magmatism, and an evolution in three steps: i) Ordovician-Silurian subduction generating juvenile arc crust; ii) Late Silurian subduction jamming, erosion and intraplate magmatism, iii) development of two new opposed Devonian-Carboniferous subductions recycling the Early Palaeozoic crust. Zircon Hf isotopes document three pre-Permian episodes of mantle-derived magmatic input into the crust: 1) Neoproterozoic (850-550 Ma), 2) Early Palaeozoic (530-450 Ma) and 3) Late Palaeozoic (380-320 Ma). Zircons also record the recycling of Neoproterozoic and Early Palaeozoic juvenile crusts during the Early and Late Palaeozoic. These data support a model of episodic continental crust growth in Central Asia

Anti-Apoptosis Effect of Astragaloside Iv on Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model via Enhancing the Expression of Bcl-2 And Bcl-Xl

The aim is to explore the protective effect of Astragaloside IV on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in rats induced  by amyloid-ß peptide (Aß1-42) and its potential therapeutic mechanism. Methods: 50 Male Sprague Dawley  rats were divided into five groups (10 rats for each): control group, model group, treatment groups 1~3.  10μg Aß1-42 was injected bilaterally into the dorsal dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of rats in the model  and treatment groups to prepare the AD models. 24h after modeling, Astragaloside IV administration, with  different drug dosages of 20mg/(kg•day), 40mg/(kg•day) and 60mg/(kg•day), was performed by gastric  perfusion for rats in the treatment group 1~3. Later on, the cognitive ability of rats was examined by a series  of behavioral tests, and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in the hippocampus of rats was detected by the  fluorescein based Quantitative RT-PCR. Results: The spontaneous alternation test in a Y maze and Morris  water maze task have demonstrated that the repeated daily administration of Astragaloside IV at the doses  of 20mg/kg bw/day) (p&lt;0.05), 40mg/kg bw/day) (p&lt;0.01), and 60mg/kg bw/day) (p&lt;0.01) significantly  ameliorated the impairment of performance caused by Aß1–42. Furthermore, Astragaloside IV also enhanced  the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in hippocampal neurons of rats in a dosage-dependent manner. Conclusion:  These findings suggest that Astragaloside IV could alleviate cognitive impairment and enhance the  expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in hippocampus of rat models with AD.

Palaeomagnetic constraints from granodioritic plutons (Jiaodong Peninsula): New insights on Late Mesozoic continental extension in eastern Asia.

International audienceMechanism and kinematics of the Late Mesozoic continental extension event of eastern Asia are still debated. In order to better constrain its evolution, two granodioritic plutons of the Jiaodong Peninsula have been chosen as targets for a time-constrained palaeomagnetic study. Indeed, plutons are devoid of visible deformation, did not experience rotation along horizontal axis and are precisely dated by U/Pb and 40Ar/39Ar methods. Multidomain (MD) magnetite has been identified as the principal magnetic remanent carrier. The interpolation of existing and new U/Pb and 40Ar/39Ar ages revealed that characteristic remanent magnetisation was acquired in a narrow range of 116 ± 2 Ma. Twenty out of 27 sites present stable magnetic directions calculated from high-temperature or high-coercive components. The observations of the solo normal magnetic polarity for this palaeomagnetic collection and of the magnetic remanent age consistent with the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS) argue that the characteristic magnetic remanence may be considered as primary. Detailed field observations of the intrusive relationship between the plutons and country rocks and Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) study reveal the absence of the subsequent deformation of plutons, or rigid rotation of plutons along a horizontal axis. Two palaeomagnetic poles have been therefore calculated from these plutons. Among 12 out 15 Cretaceous palaeomagnetic poles, including the two new poles provided by this study, from the Jiaodong Peninsula and on both sides of Tan-Lu and Muping-Jimo faults are statistically consistent. As a result, the Jiaodong Peninsula behaved as a rigid block as internal deformation appears negligible. The remaining three derived poles are probably due to the secular variation or/and the vicinity of fault zones near of the palaeomagnetic sampling site. Thus, they can not be applied to the peninsula-scaled tectonics. Comparison of these time52 constrained Cretaceous palaeomagnetic results of the Jiaodong Peninsula with those of North China Block (NCB) indicate that the Jiaodong Peninsula was rigidly attached to NCB since, 3 at least, the Cretaceous as residual difference is clearly insignificant with respect to the error brackets. These new palaeomagnetic results confirm that the relative clockwise (CW) rotation of Eastern Liaoning-Korea Block (ELKB) with respect to NCB does not affect the Jiaodong Peninsula as a rigid block, nevertheless, some tectonic structures have been reactivated since Cenozoic and local rotations could be produced. This palaeomagnetic study reveals that the Late Mesozoic extension in Eastern Asia is heterogeneously expressed in time and space. The complete understanding of the mechanism(s) of this extensional event needs further multidisciplinary investigations