5 research outputs found
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One Butterfly : understanding interface and interaction design for multitouch environments in museum contexts
textMuseums can be perceived as stuffy and forbidding; web technologies can enable museums to expand access to their collections and counterbalance these perceptions. Museums are searching for new ways to communicate with the public to better make a case for their continued relevance in the digital information age. With the emergence of multitouch computing, other diverse forms of digital access and the popularization of the user experience, challenge museum design professionals to synthesize the information seeking experience that occurs on multiple computing platforms.
As a means of addressing these issues, this Master’s Report summarizes the One Butterfly design project. The project's goal was to create a design for a multitouch interface for federated search of Smithsonian collections. This report describes the project’s three major phases. First, an idea for an interface was developed and designs based on that idea were captured and clarified. Second, a formal review of related research was undertaken to ground these designs in the museum informatics, user interface design, and multitouch interaction design literatures. Finally, the report concludes with a review and reflection on the designs and their underlying ideas in light of things learned in the previous phases.Informatio
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Hetero-technic cooperation with computing and non-computing technologies : a study of the transmodal capacity of prosodic cues to alleviate asymmetric access to tactile phenomena
I present a study of hetero-technic cooperative work involving multiple workers, a shared technical goal, role complementation, and the use of a combination of computing and non-computing technologies. Abundant contemporary examples of HTC (C-NC) work can be found, for example, in the discriminative work maintaining and repairing physical materials. As more work becomes computerized, but still demands the transformation of physical materials using non-computing technologies, HTC (C-NC) will remain important.
The access workers have and the necessities of their work point to two seemingly conflicting demands, namely that participants: (1) have different access to their common field of work through the use of their respective computing and non-computing technologies and (2) intimately depend on the complementary use of both technology types in ways that take into account actions performed independently and perceptual phenomena experienced privately. This dissertation focuses on how within this computing and non-computing context, workers cope with differing degrees of access through their senses of touch.
To address this topic I primarily consult the literature concerned with the study of computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) and embodied communication. I first recount how the studies of work and technology have missed work carried out with a combination of computing and non-computing technologies. Then drawing on the CSCW literature, I address the two work practices of awareness and coordination, that are both essential to a cooperative endeavor. I finally layout how scholars concerned with embodied communication have discussed asymmetries in access to phenomena.
I pose the research question: How do workers in HTC (C-NC) orient to asymmetries in access to tactile phenomena? I focus on asymmetries in access to tactile phenomena because touch is important in work on physical objects, yet ultimately as private perceptual experience. Careful work accomplished with deft tactile perception is problematic when the work is interdependent and even more still when computing technologies are involved. In addition, the lack of touch is the most significant limitation in HTC (C-NC) work, a particularly striking fact given the importance of tactile sensing in non-computing work and the need for transmitting the understanding derived from such sensing to operators of computing technology.
To address the topic of asymmetric access to tactile phenomena in the context of technology mediated cooperative work I present findings from a microethnographic study of the ways participants orient to tactile phenomena through talk-in-interaction. Using video and audio recording techniques, this research sheds light on the ways that participants’ access, and the known information about their access, is surfaced in the midst of work.
I choose to study minimally invasive cardiac surgery because it is representative of HTC (C-NC) and because the workers in this environment are faced with interesting and complex asymmetries in access to tactile phenomena. In observing these workers, I find that they flexibly adapt to the particular access provided by their work configuration. Doing so, they overcame asymmetries in access to tactile phenomena through two work practices. The first practice serves as a mechanism for coordinating the execution of work with non-computerized technologies. The second practice fostered a greater awareness of the status of a worker’s execution of non-computerized tasks.
By investigating work accomplished with a combination of computing and non-computing technologies this dissertation capitalizes on a missed opportunity in studies of work. I adopt analytic methods from studies of embodied communication to understand how workers overcome asymmetries in access to one rich medium, human touch, using another rich medium, the human voice.
In my discussion I draw on theoretical concepts of the “living body” to discuss the work practices of awareness and coordination anew for a CSCW audience. I argue against an instrumental view of communication that easily slips in when scholars allow the role of the felt experience of work to fall from view. This research broadens our appreciation of the ways that participants cope with the private experience of tactile work and the ways that participants make that private experience public as the felt experience is surfaced in talk. In sum, this dissertation supplies important new knowledge about HTC (C-NC) where it otherwise would not have existed.Informatio
Genetic determinants of risk in pulmonary arterial hypertension: international genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND: Rare genetic variants cause pulmonary arterial hypertension, but the contribution of common genetic variation to disease risk and natural history is poorly characterised. We tested for genome-wide association for pulmonary arterial hypertension in large international cohorts and assessed the contribution of associated regions to outcomes. METHODS: We did two separate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and a meta-analysis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. These GWAS used data from four international case-control studies across 11 744 individuals with European ancestry (including 2085 patients). One GWAS used genotypes from 5895 whole-genome sequences and the other GWAS used genotyping array data from an additional 5849 individuals. Cross-validation of loci reaching genome-wide significance was sought by meta-analysis. Conditional analysis corrected for the most significant variants at each locus was used to resolve signals for multiple associations. We functionally annotated associated variants and tested associations with duration of survival. All-cause mortality was the primary endpoint in survival analyses. FINDINGS: A locus near SOX17 (rs10103692, odds ratio 1·80 [95% CI 1·55-2·08], p=5·13 × 10-15) and a second locus in HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1 (collectively referred to as HLA-DPA1/DPB1 here; rs2856830, 1·56 [1·42-1·71], p=7·65 × 10-20) within the class II MHC region were associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The SOX17 locus had two independent signals associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (rs13266183, 1·36 [1·25-1·48], p=1·69 × 10-12; and rs10103692). Functional and epigenomic data indicate that the risk variants near SOX17 alter gene regulation via an enhancer active in endothelial cells. Pulmonary arterial hypertension risk variants determined haplotype-specific enhancer activity, and CRISPR-mediated inhibition of the enhancer reduced SOX17 expression. The HLA-DPA1/DPB1 rs2856830 genotype was strongly associated with survival. Median survival from diagnosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension with the C/C homozygous genotype was double (13·50 years [95% CI 12·07 to >13·50]) that of those with the T/T genotype (6·97 years [6·02-8·05]), despite similar baseline disease severity. INTERPRETATION: This is the first study to report that common genetic variation at loci in an enhancer near SOX17 and in HLA-DPA1/DPB1 is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Impairment of SOX17 function might be more common in pulmonary arterial hypertension than suggested by rare mutations in SOX17. Further studies are needed to confirm the association between HLA typing or rs2856830 genotyping and survival, and to determine whether HLA typing or rs2856830 genotyping improves risk stratification in clinical practice or trials. FUNDING: UK NIHR, BHF, UK MRC, Dinosaur Trust, NIH/NHLBI, ERS, EMBO, Wellcome Trust, EU, AHA, ACClinPharm, Netherlands CVRI, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of UMC, Netherlands OHRD and RNAS, German DFG, German BMBF, APH Paris, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, and French ANR