Parenteral application of drugs, uretheral catheterization

Obtaining parenteral application of drugs and urethral catheterization are essential skills for all physicians. Peripheral intravenous access is one of the simplest invasive procedures, but mastering this potentially lifesaving intervention requires refined skills and experience. It is required in a broad range of clinical applications, including intravenous drug administration, intravenous hydration, and transfusions of blood or blood components, as well as during surgery, during emergency care, and in other situations in which direct access to the bloodstream is needed

QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF 2,4-D IN PESTICIDES MONOSAN HERBI AND DMA-6

A rapid and reliable method for determination of active ingredient 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid) in the pesticide formulations Monosan herbi and DMA-6 is presented. The procedure utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by UV diode array detection and two analytical columns with different stationary phases and dimensions. The better results for identification and quantitation of the active ingredient in two pesticides are achieved using LiChrospher 60 RP-select B (250 x 4 mm, 5 μm) column, UV detection at 220 nm, temperature at 250C, mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water (60/40; V/V) and flow rate of 1 mL/min. The ethod is validated by testing linearity, precision, recovery, LOD and LOQ. The values for multiple correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.999), relative standard deviation (RSD) of retention time and peak area (RSD ≤ 1.18 %), recoveries ranged from 98.16 % - 101.38 %, with RSD of 0.10 % - 1.96 %, revealed that the developed method has a good linearity, precision and accuracy. The proposed method is applicable for fast and accurate determination of active ingredient 2,4-D in the pesticides Monosan herbi and DMA-6

DETERMINATION OF SOME PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN APPLE JUICE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A new, simple and reliable reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for determination of 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid), atrazine, malathion, fenitrothion and parathion residues in apple juices has been developed and validated. Successful separation and quantitative determination of analytes were performed on Purospher STAR RP-8e (30 x 4 mm, 3 μm) analytical column, with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/water (45/55, V/V), flow rate of 1 mL/min, constant column temperature at 25 oC and UV detection at 220 nm and 270 nm. A solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for concentration and clean-up of analytes. Specificity, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were tested for the method validation according to European Commission guidelines for pesticide residue analytical methods, and all performance characteristics were found within acceptance criteria. Calibration curves were linear within the range less than 50 % of the maximum residue limit (MRL) values and 20 % above for all investigated pesticides (R2 > 0.95). Under the stipulated conditions, values for relative standard deviations (RSD) of retention times and peak areas were 0.12 % - 0.28 % and 0.08 % - 8.50 %, respectively. The obtained values for recoveries ranged from 93.65 % - 118.62 %, with RSD ≤ 5.64 %. This method was successfully applied for determination of investigated pesticide residues in apple juice samples, which were taken from Macedonian markets. The run time of assay obtained from this chromatography condition was about 4 min

MARKET RESEARCH - HOW INTERESTED ARE CONSUMERS IN MEAT PRODUCTS WITH FEWER E-NUMBERS IN THEIR DECLARATION

Abstract Market today offers a wide range of meat products. Additives are widely used in the meat industry. Their usage is aimed to make meat products safer to eat, to extend their shelf life, improve their sensory characteristics, etc. The main objective of the paper is to be done market research and how interested are consumers in meat products with fewer Е-numbers in their declaration by carrying out a survey. In order to describe the analysed sample statistical analysis is applied and the results are shown in an analytical and graphical form. According to the results obtained from this research it can be concluded that out of 210 respondents, 126 (60.00%) are informed about the meaning of the term "additive", 159 (75.71%) respondents know that the additives are labelled with E-numbers, whereas 122 (58.10%) respondents know the purposes why food additives are used in the food industry. However, competent institutions need to work on educating and informing consumers. Most respondents avoid meat products due to the presence of: flavour enhancers, emulsifiers, preservatives, food colours and stabilizers. 159 (75.71%) of the respondents believe that the market should offer meat products with a reduced presence of E-numbers in the declaration. Today, modern consumers are becoming more health conscious and they are changing their eating habits. Therefore, they are increasingly focused on natural meat products, where E-numbers are less represented in the declaration

RAPID RESOLUTION LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CHLOROGENIC ACID IN ECHINACEA EXTRACTS

This study presents a development and validation of a new, fast, efficient and cost effective reversed-phase rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RP-RRLC) method for determination of chlorogenic acid in echinacea extracts. The optimum separation with symmetrical peak shape and good index purity of the analyte was achieved on a Poroshell 120 EC-18 (50 mm x 3 mm; 2.7 µm) analytical column, mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/(water with 1 % phosphoric acid), (10/90, V/V)in isocratic elution with flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV diode-array detection (UV-DAD) at 325 nm. The developed method was validated by testing specificity, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The calibration curve of chlorogenic acid followed Beer’s law within the range 28.97 ng - 362.19 ng (R2 = 0.9994). The LOD was 0.29 pg, while LOQ was 0.96pg. The intra-day precisions was evaluated for the retention time, peak area and peak height and the calculated values for relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.21 %, 0.11 % and 0.22 %, respectively. The mean recoveries ranged from 98.75 to 104.63 % and RSD was less than 0.23 %. The developed method was successfully applied for identification and quantification of chlorogenic acid in three samples of echinacea extracts, taken from local pharmacies

HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PESTICIDE FORMULATION SWITCH 62,5 WG

Analytical quality control for pesticides achieved using appropriate methods is essential in providing their safe and adequate use in agriculture. This study presents a precise, fast, and a simple analytical method for determining active ingredients cyprodinil and fludioxonil in a fungicide formulation Switch 62,5 WG using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The development of the HPLC method was performed on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 (50 x 4.6 mm, 1.8 µm) analytical column using isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water in volume ratio 70:30, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, a constant column temperature at 25 ºC and UV detection at 220 and 270 nm. The run time of analysis under these chromatographic conditions was about 1.5 min. The method was validated by testing specificity, linearity, precision, recovery, LOD, LOQ, and accuracy according to the CIPAC (Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council) and SANCO (Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection) guidelines, and all the tested parameters were found within acceptance criteria. The values for multiple correlation coefficient (R2 ≥ 0.99), relative standard deviation (RSD < 1 %), recoveries ranged from 98.95 - 102.26 %, revealed that the developed method has a good linearity, precision and accuracy. The proposed method is suitable for routine analysis of active ingredients cyprodinil and fludioxonil in the formulation Switch 62,5 WG