Nonequilibrium electrons in tunnel structures under high-voltage injection

We investigate electronic distributions in nonequilibrium tunnel junctions subject to a high voltage bias $V$ under competing electron-electron and electron-phonon relaxation processes. We derive conditions for reaching quasi-equilibrium and show that, though the distribution can still be thermal for low energies where the rate of the electron-electron relaxation exceeds significantly the electron-phonon relaxation rate, it develops a power-law tail at energies of order of $eV$. In a general case of comparable electron-electron and electron-phonon relaxation rates, this tail leads to emission of high-energy phonons which carry away most of the energy pumped in by the injected current.Comment: Revised versio

Tkachenko modes as sources of quasiperiodic pulsar spin variations

We study the long wavelength shear modes (Tkachenko waves) of triangular lattices of singly quantized vortices in neutron star interiors taking into account the mutual friction between the superfluid and the normal fluid and the shear viscosity of the normal fluid. The set of Tkachenko modes that propagate in the plane orthogonal to the spin vector are weakly damped if the coupling between the superfluid and normal fluid is small. In strong coupling, their oscillation frequencies are lower and are undamped for small and moderate shear viscosities. The periods of these modes are consistent with the observed ~100-1000 day variations in spin of PSR 1828-11.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, uses RevTex, v2: added discussion/references, matches published versio

Photon Physics in Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC

Various pion and photon production mechanisms in high-energy nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC are discussed. Comparison with RHIC data is done whenever possible. The prospect of using electromagnetic probes to characterize quark-gluon plasma formation is assessed.Comment: Writeup of the working group "Photon Physics" for the CERN Yellow Report on "Hard Probes in Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC", 134 pages. One figure added in chapter 5 (comparison with PHENIX data). Some figures and correponding text corrected in chapter 6 (off-chemical equilibrium thermal photon rates). Some figures modified in chapter 7 (off-chemical equilibrium photon rates) and comparison with PHENIX data adde

Culture-bound terms en los diccionarios bilingües (español-ruso y español-armenio)

Las variaciones culturales se reflejan en la lengua y se notan sobre todo a la hora de la comunicación. Para poder relacionarnos dentro de la sociedad necesitamos recibir y transmitir la información a través de la lengua. Tal como vemos a lo largo de nuestro trabajo, lengua y cultura son dos conceptos (realidades) inseparables. La lengua nos permite transmitir el espíritu cultural de una nación en concreto; es decir, es un medio de comunicación que permite transmitir la realidad. Todos los acontecimientos culturales encuentran su reflejo en la lengua, especialmente en su léxico. Para la interpretación y el uso de este tipo de léxico es imprescindible el conocimiento adicional típico de un determinado grupo sociopolítico. El léxico de cualquier idioma refleja el pensamiento nacional. Por esta razón necesitamos información adicional sobre el pensamiento de un pueblo a la hora de aprender los elementos culturalmente marcados. Una revisión de los trabajos dedicados a los culture-bound terms nos mostró la evidencia de que los estudios del tratamiento de estas unidades culturalmente marcadas en los diccionario bilingües no eran numerosas, por no hablar de su falta en la lexicografía bilingüe: español - armenio y español - ruso. El objetivo final de nuestro trabajo es realizar un análisis profundo de tratamiento de los culture-bound terms de las lenguas armenia, española y rusa. Una vez aceptado que lo cultural está interrelacionado con la lingüística se hace necesario delimitar qué son los culture-bound terms. Por consiguiente, en nuestra investigación nos ocupamos de exponer los estudios que consideramos más convenientes sobre el tratamiento de las unidades culturalmente marcadas. En la formación de los culture-bound terms intervienen determinados elementos que hacen referencia a aspectos culturales muy específicos, lo que dificulta el establecimiento de equivalentes y exige la inclusión de algún tipo de información enciclopédica (una descripción adicional) que permita completar su definición y facilite su uso. El tema de tratamiento lexicográfico de los culture-bound terms, en el marco de la lexicografía bilingüe, es muy amplio y abarca, como veremos durante nuestro trabajo, desde el proceso de selección de las unidades, hasta su tratamiento y presentación. El diccionario bilingüe, cuya finalidad esencial es y debe ser, la de ayudar a quien lo consulte a comprender el significado de las palabras y poder usarlas adecuadamente en la comunicación, debe atender a las exigencias descriptivas de los culture-bound terms facilitando la información adicional. Después de la identificación y clasificación de los ámbitos culturales a base de la revisión de las propuestas teóricas acerca del tratamiento de los culture-bound terms, pasamos a la siguiente fase que consiste en el análisis del corpus complementario. Esta fase se inició con el vaciado por separado del corpus principal de dos diccionarios español-ruso y español-armenio (Anexo 1) después le hemos añadido los ejemplos recopilados durante el trabajo de campo. Después de crear el corpus nos centramos en el análisis de las unidades: realizando una valoración de sus cargas culturales y analizando las soluciones propuestas por los diccionarios bilingües. Una vez acabado el análisis del corpus léxico procedemos con el análisis de otro corpus creado especialmente para nuestra investigación que incluye los pragmatemas como culture-bound terms. Consideramos que son elementos culturalmente marcados vinculados a una situación comunicativa en concreto y su interpretación incorrecta puede llevar al choque cultural. Finalmente, en el último capítulo presentamos los resultados a los que hemos llegado realizando este trabajo. Resumiendo, el trabajo está estructurado en 6 partes: 1.El trío: cultura, lengua y los culture-bound terms. 2.Los culture-bound terms. 3.Traducción de los culture-bound terms y lexicografía bilingüe. 4.Análisis del corpus constituido. 5.Pragmatemas como culture-bound terms. 6.ConclusionesCultural variations are reflected in the language and become most apparent in interpersonal communication. In order to communicate within our society, we need to be able to receive and transmit information through the use of language. In fact, we see it in our daily work, language and culture are two inseparable concepts (realities). Language allows us to transmit the cultural spirit of a particular nation; in other words, it is a way of communicating to the outside world. All cultural events are reflected in the language, especially in its lexicon. In order to interpret and use such vocabulary, it is essential that we also have traditional knowledge about a particular socio-political group. A language's lexical repertoire reflects the national thought. For this reason we need more knowledge about people's way of thinking when it comes to learning about culturally-marked items. A review of the work undertaken on culture-bound terms confirmed to us that there are not many studies assessing the treatment of these culturally-marked units in the bilingual dictionary, not to mention their lack in the Spanish - Armenian Spanish - Russian bilingual lexicography. The final goal of our work is to conduct a thorough analysis of the treatment of culture-bound terms in the Armenian, Russian and Spanish languages. Once the relationship between culture and linguistics has been accepted, it becomes necessary to define what culture-bound terms are. Therefore, in our research, we address those studies that we consider most appropriate for assessing the treatment of culturally-marked units. The creation of culture-bound terms involves the participation of certain elements that make reference to very specific cultural aspects; this hinders the establishment of equivalents and requires the inclusion of some encyclopedic information (some sort of additional description) to completely define them and to facilitate their usage. The lexicographical treatment of culture-bound terms, in the context of bilingual lexicography is a very broad theme that covers all aspects, as discussed throughout our work; from the selection of the units to their treatment and presentation. The bilingual dictionary − whose primary purpose is and should be to help those who consult it to understand the meaning of words and to use them properly in communication − must meet the requirements of descriptive culture-bound terms and thus provide additional information. After the identification and classification of cultural areas based on the review of theoretical proposals for the treatment of culture-bound terms, we proceed to the next step, which consisted of the analysis of the complementary corpus. This phase was initiated by emptying the main body of two dictionaries separately − the Russian-Spanish and Spanish-Armenian dictionaries (Annex 1) − and then we added the examples that were collected during the fieldwork. After creating the corpus, we focused on the analysis of the units: making an assessment of their cultural baggage and analyzing the solutions proposed by the bilingual dictionaries. After the completion of the analysis of the lexical corpus, we proceeded with the analysis of another corpus especially created for our research purposes that includes pragmatemes as culture-bound terms; we consider these as culturally-marked elements linked to a particular communicative situation and their misinterpretation could lead to culture shock. Finally, in the last chapter we present the results that we have achieved from this work. In short, the work is divided into 6 parts: 1. The trio: culture, language and culture-bound terms. 2. The culture-bound terms. 3. Translation of culture-bound terms and bilingual lexicography. 4. Analysis of the created corpus. 5. Pragmatemes as culture-bound terms. 6. Conclusions

Radio-Frequency Measurements of Coherent Transition and Cherenkov Radiation: Implications for High-Energy Neutrino Detection

We report on measurements of 11-18 cm wavelength radio emission from interactions of 15.2 MeV pulsed electron bunches at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator. The electrons were observed both in a configuration where they produced primarily transition radiation from an aluminum foil, and in a configuration designed for the electrons to produce Cherenkov radiation in a silica sand target. Our aim was to emulate the large electron excess expected to develop during an electromagnetic cascade initiated by an ultra high-energy particle. Such charge asymmetries are predicted to produce strong coherent radio pulses, which are the basis for several experiments to detect high-energy neutrinos from the showers they induce in Antarctic ice and in the lunar regolith. We detected coherent emission which we attribute both to transition and possibly Cherenkov radiation at different levels depending on the experimental conditions. We discuss implications for experiments relying on radio emission for detection of electromagnetic cascades produced by ultra high-energy neutrinos.Comment: updated figure 10; fixed typo in equation 2.2; accepted by PR

Observation of exotic meson production in the reaction π−p→η′π−p \pi^{-} p \to \eta^{\prime} \pi^- p at 18 GeV/c

An amplitude analysis of an exclusive sample of 5765 events from the reaction $\pi^{-} p \to \eta^{\prime} \pi^- p$ at 18 GeV/c is described. The $\eta^{\prime} \pi^-$ production is dominated by natural parity exchange and by three partial waves: those with $J^{PC} = 1^{-+}, 2^{++},$ and $4^{++}$. A mass-dependent analysis of the partial-wave amplitudes indicates the production of the $a_2(1320)$ meson as well as the $a_4(2040)$ meson, observed for the first time decaying to $\eta^{\prime}\pi^-$. The dominant, exotic (non-$q\bar{q})$ $1^{-+}$ partial wave is shown to be resonant with a mass of $1.597 \pm 0.010^{+0.045}_{-0.010}$ GeV/c^2 and a width of $0.340 \pm 0.040 \pm 0.050$ GeV/c^2 . This exotic state, the $\pi_1(1600)$, is produced with a $t$ dependence which is different from that of the $a_2(1320)$ meson, indicating differences between the production mechanisms for the two states.Comment: 5 pages with 4 figure

THE PROBLEM OF QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERSONNEL POTENTIAL OF HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS

The article considers problems of assessment of the quality of human resource capacity of health organizations. The analysis of existing methods of an estimation of personnel potential. Describes the main components of the system of personnel policy of the medical organization. Developed graphical representation of personnel potential of the employee

Primary Proton Spectrum of Cosmic Rays measured with Single Hadrons

The flux of cosmic-ray induced single hadrons near sea level has been measured with the large hadron calorimeter of the KASCADE experiment. The measurement corroborates former results obtained with detectors of smaller size if the enlarged veto of the 304 m^2 calorimeter surface is encounted for. The program CORSIKA/QGSJET is used to compute the cosmic-ray flux above the atmosphere. Between E_0=300 GeV and 1 PeV the primary proton spectrum can be described with a power law parametrized as dJ/dE_0=(0.15+-0.03)*E_0^{-2.78+-0.03} m^-2 s^-1 sr^-1 TeV^-1. In the TeV region the proton flux compares well with the results from recent measurements of direct experiments.Comment: 13 pages, accepted by Astrophysical Journa

Partial-wave analysis of the eta pi+ pi- system produced in the reaction pi-p --> eta pi+ pi- n at 18 GeV/c

A partial-wave analysis of 9082 eta pi+ pi- n events produced in the reaction pi- p --> eta pi+ pi- n at 18.3 GeV/c has been carried out using data from experiment 852 at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The data are dominated by J^{PC} = 0^{-+} partial waves consistent with observation of the eta(1295) and the eta(1440). The mass and width of the eta(1295) were determined to be 1282 +- 5 MeV and 66 +- 13 Mev respectively while the eta(1440) was observed with a mass of 1404 +- 6 MeV and width of 80 +- 21 MeV. Other partial waves of importance include the 1++ and the 1+- waves. Results of the partial wave analysis are combined with results of other experiments to estimate f1(1285) branching fractions. These values are considerably different from current values determined without the aid of amplitude analyses.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figure

Static MRI for diagnosis of bulbous urethral strictures and assessment of spongiofibrosis grade

Introduction. Insufficient sensitivity and specificity of existing methods for diagnosing urethral stricture require more accurate methods, which may include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Objective. To study the possibilities of MRI to assess the extent of bulbous urethral stricture and spongiofibrosis grade.Materials & methods. The study included six men with bulbous urethral stricture, who underwent non-transecting anastomotic urethroplasty via ventral approach. Before surgery, all patients underwent retrograde urethrography according to the standard method and urethral MRI according to their own method, and their data were compared with intraoperative parameters.Results. The length of the stricture according to retrograde urethrography averaged 11.5 ± 6.3 mm, MRI — 17.8 ± 10.9 mm, intraoperative measurement — 16.7 ± 9.1 mm. There was a significant difference between the mean length of the stricture according to retrograde urethrography and the mean length according to intraoperative data (p = 0.028). There was no significant difference between the mean stricture length according to MRI data and the mean stricture length according to intraoperative data (p = 0.085). The length of spongiofibrosis according to MRI was 15.8 ± 13.6 mm on average, and 16.7 ± 12.9 mm according to intraoperative measurements. There was no significant difference between the average length of spongiofibrosis according to MRI and the average length according to intraoperative data (p = 0.092).Conclusions. MRI provides information comparable to intraoperative data on the extent of urethral stricture, location, and spongiofibrosis grade