Biogeochemical researches of trace elements content in vegetation of Tatarstan

The paper presents the review of the results of studies of trace elements contents in wild plants in the Middle Volga conditions (in the example of the Republic of Tatarstan) based on literature data and data obtained by the authors. The natural range of natural concentrations has been determined. A comparison of the concentrations of microelements obtained by different authors made it possible to establish that the microelements contents in herbaceous plants of the Republic of Tatarstan does not exceed the world average clarke. The content of Cu and Zn tends to the lower limit. The identified tendency for the trace elments accumulation in plants allows to conclude about a relatively favorable biogeochemical situation in the republic as a whole. Individual local biogeochemical specializations of plants are determined by the natural geochemical background of the region

Copyright para o cenário de trabalho na Rússia: questões práticas

This article is devoted to litigation in the field of intellectual rights on scenario works in Russia, as well as to the legislative basis of intellectual property objects. The most important features of the work scenario as an object of copyright are considered. The concept of this is defined, examples of judicial practice in Russia related to the protection of work scenarios are given. The spectrum of civil-law ways of protecting these rights is analyzed in case of their violation or contestation by third parties. The issue of the presence or absence of discretionary powers of courts in determining the amount of compensation for protecting the violated exclusive right to a work scenario is under consideration.Este artículo está dedicado al litigio en el campo de los derechos intelectuales en escenarios de trabajo en Rusia, así como a la base legislativa de los objetos de propiedad intelectual. Se consideran las características más importantes del escenario de trabajo como objeto de derecho de autor. Se define el concepto del trabajo de escenarios, se dan ejemplos de prácticas judiciales en Rusia relacionadas con la protección de las obras de escenarios. El espectro de las formas de protección civil de estos derechos se analiza en caso de violación o impugnación por parte de terceros. Se está considerando la cuestión de la presencia o ausencia de facultades discrecionales de los tribunales para determinar el monto de la indemnización por la protección del derecho exclusivo violado a un trabajo de escenario.Este artigo é dedicado ao litígio no campo dos direitos intelectuais em cenários de trabalho na Rússia, bem como à base legislativa de objetos de propriedade intelectual. As características mais importantes do cenário de trabalho são consideradas objeto de direitos autorais. O conceito de trabalho de cenário é definido, exemplos de práticas judiciais na Rússia relacionadas à proteção de obras de cenário são dadas. O espectro de formas de proteção civil desses direitos é analisado em caso de violação ou objeção de terceiros. A questão da presença ou ausência de poderes discricionários dos tribunais está sendo considerada para determinar o montante da compensação pela proteção do direito exclusivo violado a um trabalho de cenário

Temporal Coding at the Immature Depolarizing GABAergic Synapse

In the developing hippocampus, GABA exerts depolarizing and excitatory actions and contributes to the generation of neuronal network driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs). Here, we studied spike time coding at immature GABAergic synapses and its impact on synchronization of the neuronal network during GDPs in the neonatal (postnatal days P2–6) rat hippocampal slices. Using extracellular recordings, we found that the delays of action potentials (APs) evoked by synaptic activation of GABA(A) receptors are long (mean, 65 ms) and variable (within a time window of 10–200 ms). During patch-clamp recordings, depolarizing GABAergic responses were mainly subthreshold and their amplification by persistent sodium conductance was required to trigger APs. AP delays at GABAergic synapses shortened and their variability reduced with an increase in intracellular chloride concentration during whole-cell recordings. Negative shift of the GABA reversal potential (EGABA) with low concentrations of bumetanide, or potentiation of GABA(A) receptors with diazepam reduced GDPs amplitude, desynchronized neuronal firing during GDPs and slowed down GDPs propagation. Partial blockade of GABA(A) receptors with bicuculline increased neuronal synchronization and accelerated GDPs propagation. We propose that spike timing at depolarizing GABA synapses is determined by intracellular chloride concentration. At physiological levels of intracellular chloride GABAergic depolarization does not reach the action potential threshold and amplification of GABAergic responses by non-inactivating sodium conductance is required for postsynaptic AP initiation. Slow and variable excitation at GABAergic synapse determines the level of neuronal synchrony and the rate of GDPs propagation in the developing hippocampus

Synchronous excitation in the superficial and deep layers of the medial entorhinal cortex precedes early sharp waves in the neonatal rat hippocampus

Early Sharp Waves (eSPWs) are the earliest pattern of network activity in the developing hippocampus of neonatal rodents. eSPWs were originally considered to be an immature prototype of adult SPWs, which are spontaneous top-down hippocampal events that are self-generated in the hippocampal circuitry. However, recent studies have shifted this paradigm to a bottom-up model of eSPW genesis, in which eSPWs are primarily driven by the inputs from the layers 2/3 of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). A hallmark of the adult SPWs is the relay of information from the CA1 hippocampus to target structures, including deep layers of the EC. Whether and how deep layers of the MEC are activated during eSPWs in the neonates remains elusive. In this study, we investigated activity in layer 5 of the MEC of neonatal rat pups during eSPWs using silicone probe recordings from the MEC and CA1 hippocampus. We found that neurons in deep and superficial layers of the MEC fire synchronously during MEC sharp potentials, and that neuronal firing in both superficial and deep layers of the MEC precedes the activation of CA1 neurons during eSPWs. Thus, the sequence of activation of CA1 hippocampal neurons and deep EC neurons during sharp waves reverses during development, from a lead of deep EC neurons during eSPWs in neonates to a lead of CA1 neurons during adult SPWs. These findings suggest another important difference in the generative mechanisms and possible functional roles of eSPWs compared to adult SPWs

Bilateral Synchronization of Hippocampal Early Sharp Waves in Neonatal Rats

In the neonatal rodent hippocampus, the first and predominant pattern of correlated neuronal network activity is early sharp waves (eSPWs). Whether and how eSPWs are organized bilaterally remains unknown. Here, using simultaneous silicone probe recordings from the left and right hippocampus in neonatal rats in vivo we found that eSPWs are highly synchronized bilaterally with nearly zero time lag between the two sides. The amplitudes of eSPWs in the left and right hippocampi were also highly correlated. eSPWs also supported bilateral synchronization of multiple unit activity (MUA). We suggest that bilateral correlated activity supported by synchronized eSPWs participates in the formation of bilateral connections in the hippocampal system

A novel supramolecular catalytic system bazed on amphiphilic triphenylphosphonium bromide for the hydrolysis of phosphorus acid esters

The biomimetic nature of micellar catalysis can significantly affect the rate of chemical reactions due to the effects of concentration and the change of microenvironment. A novel supramolecular catalytic system bazed on amphiphilic triphenylphosphonium bromide for the hydrolysis of phosphorus acid ester

Pharmacodynamics of the Glutamate Receptor Antagonists in the Rat Barrel Cortex

Epipial application is one of the approaches for drug delivery into the cortex. However, passive diffusion of epipially applied drugs through the cortical depth may be slow, and different drug concentrations may be achieved at different rates across the cortical depth. Here, we explored the pharmacodynamics of the inhibitory effects of epipially applied ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and dAPV on sensory-evoked and spontaneous activity across layers of the cortical barrel column in urethane-anesthetized rats. The inhibitory effects of CNQX and dAPV were observed at concentrations that were an order higher than in slices in vitro, and they slowly developed from the cortical surface to depth after epipial application. The level of the inhibitory effects also followed the surface-to-depth gradient, with full inhibition of sensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in the supragranular layers and L4 and only partial inhibition in L5 and L6. During epipial CNQX and dAPV application, spontaneous activity and the late component of multiple unit activity (MUA) during sensory-evoked responses were suppressed faster than the short-latency MUA component. Despite complete suppression of SEPs in L4, sensory-evoked short-latency multiunit responses in L4 persisted, and they were suppressed by further addition of lidocaine suggesting that spikes in thalamocortical axons contribute ∼20% to early multiunit responses. Epipial CNQX and dAPV also completely suppressed sensory-evoked very fast (∼500 Hz) oscillations and spontaneous slow wave activity in L2/3 and L4. However, delta oscillations persisted in L5/6. Thus, CNQX and dAPV exert inhibitory actions on cortical activity during epipial application at much higher concentrations than in vitro, and the pharmacodynamics of their inhibitory effects is characterized by the surface-to-depth gradients in the rate of development and the level of inhibition of sensory-evoked and spontaneous cortical activity

Excitatory actions of GABA in the intact neonatal rodent hippocampus in vitro

The excitatory action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is considered to be a hallmark of the developing nervous system. However, in immature brain slices, excitatory GABA actions may be secondary to neuronal injury during slice preparation. Here, we explored GABA actions in the rodent intact hippocampal preparations and at different depths of hippocampal slices during the early post-natal period [post-natal days (P) 1–7]. We found that in the intact hippocampus at P1–3: (i) GABA exerts depolarizing action as seen in cell-attached single GABA(A) channel recordings; (ii) GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)-R) agonist isoguvacine and synaptic activation of the GABA(A)-Rs increase the frequency of multiple unit activity and the frequency of the network-driven giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs); and that (iii) Na(+)–K(+)–2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1) antagonist bumetanide suppresses GDPs and the excitatory actions of isoguvacine. In the hippocampal slices at P2–5, isoguvacine and synaptic activation of GABA(A)-Rs-evoked excitatory responses at all slice depths, including surface and core. Thus, GABA exerts excitatory actions in the intact hippocampus (P1–3) and at all depths of hippocampal slices (P2–5). Therefore, the excitatory actions of GABA in hippocampal slices during the first post-natal days are not due to neuronal injury during slice preparation, and the trauma-related excitatory GABA actions at the slice surface are a fundamentally different phenomenon observed during the second post-natal week

Psychopathologies of illegal behavior of convicts in the Russian Federation and methods of their correction using gestalt therapy

The article analyzes the prevalence of psychopathological manifestations in behavior, mental disorders that do not exclude sanity among convicts in correctional institutions in the Russian Federation. We gave a theoretical substantiation of the need to create a methodology for carrying out corrective measures using gestalt therapeutic techniques for convicts in correctional institutions. We presented the data of statistical observations on the revealed psychopathologies in persons in correctional institutions. We evaluated the possibilities of gestalt therapy in the correction of the illegal behavior of convicts, arising from the psychopathological development of the personality in society. It was considered the basic principles of psychotherapeutic work (gestalt therapy), which describe the important key points of working with the psychopathological convicts in correctional institutions. We assessed the possibility of gestalt therapy in correcting convicts, determining that an employee of a correctional institution can also master the technologies of gestalt therapy, provided that he/she undergoes advanced training in mastering the techniques of gestalt therapy counseling as such training does not require special medical education. We also studied the motivational reasons for the unlawful behavior of a convict, being a trigger for the unlawful act. It is proposed some preventive and corrective methods of work on the correction of personality psychopathologies by gestalt therapy technique