MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS: DESAFIOS E OPORTUNIDADES PARA A CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE BRASILEIRA

A realidade das mudanças climáticas pelas quais o planeta está passando é inequívoca, assim como a influência humana nesse processo. O Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas das Nacões Unidas prevê mudanças climáticas substanciais para a região Neotropical. De fato, os impactos dessas mudanças climáticas sobre a biodiversidade da região já estão sendo sentidos: colapso de ecossistemas de corais no Caribe, retração de glaciares nos Andes e eventos extremos de seca na Amazônia. Embora haja um corpo substancial de conhecimento em torno dos possíveis impactos das mudanças climáticas sobre as formações florestais brasileiras, sobretudo as amazônicas, estudos dos impactos sobre elementos da biodiversidade do país são praticamente inexistentes. Nos últimos 20 anos foram publicados apenas dois artigos científicos em periódicos indexados na base do Thompson Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Essa lacuna de conhecimento impossibilita a elaboração de quaisquer estratégias de adaptação às mudanças climáticas visando à conservação da biodiversidade brasileira. A comunidade científica e as agências de fomento à pesquisa, portanto, devem começar a priorizar estudos dessa natureza. O Brasil, no entanto, não deve se concentrar apenas em estratégias de ‘adaptação', pois existe grande potencial no país para ações de ‘mitigação' das mudanças climáticas em andamento. Apesar da sua matriz energética limpa, o país figura entre os maiores emissores mundiais de gases de efeito estufa, devido às enormes emissões associadas ao desmatamento. Uma questão de primeira ordem é a histórica oposição do país à incorporação de ‘desmatamento evitado' como um dos Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo do Protocolo de Kyoto. É importante que a comunidade científica brasileira ligada à conservação participe ativamente desse debate, cujas conseqüências para a biodiversidade são bastante graves

Patterns of Vertebrate Diversity and Protection in Brazil

Most conservation decisions take place at national or finer spatial scales. Providing useful information at such decision-making scales is essential for guiding the practice of conservation. Brazil is one of the world’s megadiverse countries, and consequently decisions about conservation in the country have a disproportionate impact on the survival of global biodiversity. For three groups of terrestrial vertebrates (birds, mammals, and amphibians), we examined geographic patterns of diversity and protection in Brazil, including that of endemic, small-ranged, and threatened species. To understand potential limitations of the data, we also explored how spatial bias in collection localities may influence the perceived patterns of diversity. The highest overall species richness is in the Amazon and Atlantic Forests, while the Atlantic Forest dominates in terms of country endemics and small-ranged species. Globally threatened species do not present a consistent pattern. Patterns for birds were similar to overall species richness, with higher concentrations of threatened species in the Atlantic Forest, while mammals show a more generalized pattern across the country and a high concentration in the Amazon. Few amphibians are listed as threatened, mostly in the Atlantic Forest. Data deficient mammals occur across the country, concentrating in the Amazon and southeast Atlantic Forest, and there are no data deficient birds in Brazil. In contrast, nearly a third of amphibians are data deficient, widespread across the country, but with a high concentration in the far southeast. Spatial biases in species locality data, however, possibly influence the perceived patterns of biodiversity. Regions with low sampling density need more biological studies, as do the many data deficient species. All biomes except the Amazon have less than 3% of their area under full protection. Reassuringly though, rates of protection do correlate with higher biodiversity, including higher levels of threatened and small-ranged species. Our results indicate a need for expanded formal protection in Brazil, especially in the Atlantic forest, and with an emphasis on fully protected areas

Effect of polymer type on the properties of polypropylene composites with high loads of spent coffee grounds

The main focus of this work is to study the processability and characteristics of highly loaded spent coffee grounds (SCG) thermoplastic polymer composites, for sustainable applications. SCG powder was characterized in terms of size distribution, moisture, morphology and thermal stability. Polymer/SCG composites were prepared by extrusion compounding. Polypropylene (PP) homopolymer and copolymer were used as the polymeric matrix. Upon compounding by extrusion composites were injection moulded and characterized for its physical, morphological and mechanical properties in order to determine the effect of polymer type and filler content. Morphological characteristics of the composites were investigated using optical microscopy and SEM analysis. The results for PP homopolymer showed little deterioration of the mechanical properties when using the highest SCG load. In the case of PP homopolymer, the greatest variations occurred when increasing from 0 to 20 %. With higher SCG loads, the measured properties changed little. PP copolymer showed a more continuous pattern of properties decay with increasing SCG load, especially for tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength. Regarding PP copolymer, with maximum SCG load, the tensile strength decreased from 26.8 GPa (neat PP) to 10.8 GPa, the elongation at break showed a drop of more than 95 %, while the Young's modulus increased from 800 MPa to 1160 MPa. This research work has shown that SCG can be used as fillers in the preparation of environmentally friendly composites with SCG load up to 60 wt% thus contributing to the reuse of waste generated by the coffee industry.This research was supported by FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020 Programme and National Funds through FCT (Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) under the projects UID-B/05256/ 2020, UID-P/05256/2020

Entomological surveys of Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and other vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in municipalities with records of Leishmania amazonensis within the Bragança region of Pará State, Brazil.

In southeast Amazon, Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata is the incriminated vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, a causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The optimal methods for surveying Lu. flaviscutellata were investigated in the Bragança region, northeast Pará State, Brazil, selected for the presence of Le. amazonensis. The performances of modified Disney traps and CDC light traps were compared in four ecotopes within and around four village transects during the wet and dry seasons. The physiological age of female sand flies was estimated and natural infection by flagellates was evaluated by dissection. Disney traps were better for detecting the presence of Lu. flaviscutellata, while CDC traps performed well for detecting Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) antunesi, suspected vector of Leishmania lindenbergi. The former was more abundant during the wet season, when female flies were naturally infected with Le. amazonensis. These findings identified the environments of local transmission. In order to improve surveys of Lu. flaviscutellata as part of integrated epidemiological surveillance of CL, our recommendations include focusing vector surveys with Disney traps on forest fragments where people work, during the seasonal peak of the vector. Further field studies are required to make model-based predictions of seasonal variations in the vectorial capacity of vector populations

Trading deforestation - Why the legality of forest-risk commodities is insufficient

This dataset refers to the summary of unprotected native vegetation and carbon stocks per municipality in Brazil. Unprotected means native vegetation areas and spatially-linked carbon stocks present at farms with surplus of legal reserves according to the Brazilian Forest Code.Additional funding sources: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) (Grant QZA-21/0156) (C W). The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grant 7703.01) (C W). World Wildlife Fund Brazil (Science Program's and Public Policy's institutional budget) (M N F, R S T V, M M S E, G R L). Instituto de Manejo e Certificação Florestal e Agrícola (IMAFLORA) (Institutional Budget) (V G F). Universidade de São Paulo—USP (Institutional Budget) (G S). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) (Institutional Budget) (R R)

Effects of Brazil's political crisis on the science needed for biodiversity conservation

The effects of Brazil’s political crisis on science funding necessary for biodiversity conservation are likely to be global. Brazil is not only the world’s most biodiverse nation, it is responsible for the greater part of the Amazon forest, which regulates the climate and provides rain to much of southern South America. Brazil was a world leader in satellite monitoring of land-use change, in-situ biodiversity monitoring, reduction in tropical-forest deforestation, protection of indigenous lands, and a model for other developing nations. Coordinated public responses will be necessary to prevent special-interest groups from using the political crisis to weaken science funding, environmental legislation and law enforcement. Keywords: Brazil, biodiversity, climate change, governance, fundin