Pacha Paqariy, Pacha Tukukuymanta

Ñan unay wataña runasimipi qilqayku, ideología andina nisqamanta. Imatas qheswa rimaq runakuna yuyanku, imatas yuyayninkupi apanku ñawpa kawsay timpumanta. Imatas yuyaychashanku urqokunapi rit¿i chullusqanmanta, puqyukunapi unu pisiyasqanmanta. Chay rimaykuna pallaqmi rirayku llaqtan llaqtata kay willakuykunata huñuspan. Chaymantan, nuqayku kay willakuykunata huñuspa qilqayku, librukunapi publicakunanpaq, patarakunapi, wakintaq revista articulokunapaq. Kay producción académiata rurayku, kay ñawpa rimaykuna huñuspa huq hatun tapara taqeta ruwayku. Desde hace mucho tiempo, escribimos en quechua sobre Ideología Andina. De aquello que los hombres quechuas recuerdan, de la memoria de los tiempos antiguos. Sobre lo que piensan acerca del derretimiento de la nieve de los cerros, sobre la disminución del agua de los manantes. Para recoger estas voces silenciadas, recorrimos pueblo tras pueblo, para que estas voces accedan a publicarse en libros. Algunas, para ser publicadas en revistas. Así elaboramos producción académica en quechua. Estamos construyendo una biblioteca de libros recopilados y escritos en quechua, reuniendo estas memorias quechuas antiguas. For a long time, we have been writing about Andean Ideology in Quechua. We have written about what the Quechua people remember and about their memory and perception of ancient times. We have registered their insights on the ice melting on top of the mountains, and their views on the decrease of springs of water. After going through every single village, we have gathered all of these silenced voices so they could echo in the format of published articles or books. This is how the academic production in Quechua takes place. In view of this, we are currently building a library of printed books and manuscripts written in Quechua, so as to further perpetuate ancient Quechua knowledge and memory.Artículo revisado por pare

Del Origen y Fin del Mundo

Desde hace mucho tiempo, escribimos en quechua sobre Ideología Andina. De aquello que los hombres quechuas recuerdan, de la memoria de los tiempos antiguos. Sobre lo que piensan acerca del derretimiento de la nieve de los cerros, sobre la disminución del agua de los manantes. Para recoger estas voces silenciadas, recorrimos pueblo tras pueblo, para que estas voces accedan a publicarse en libros. Algunas, para ser publicadas en revistas. Así elaboramos producción académica en quechua. Estamos construyendo una biblioteca de libros recopilados y escritos en quechua, reuniendo estas memorias quechuas antiguas. Ñan unay wataña runasimipi qilqayku, ideología andina nisqamanta. Imatas qheswa rimaq runakuna yuyanku, imatas yuyayninkupi apanku ñawpa kawsay timpumanta. Imatas yuyaychashanku urqokunapi rit´i chullusqanmanta, puqyukunapi unu pisiyasqanmanta. Chay rimaykuna pallaqmi rirayku llaqtan llaqtata kay willakuykunata huñuspan. Chaymantan, nuqayku kay willakuykunata huñuspa qilqayku, librukunapi publicakunanpaq, patarakunapi, wakintaq revista articulokunapaq. Kay producción académiata rurayku, kay ñawpa rimaykuna huñuspa huq hatun tapara taqeta ruwayku. For a long time, we have been writing about Andean Ideology in Quechua. We have written about what the Quechua people remember and about their memory and perception of ancient times. We have registered their insights on the ice melting on top of the mountains, and their views on the decrease of springs of water. After going through every single village, we have gathered all of these silenced voices so they could echo in the format of published articles or books. This is how the academic production in Quechua takes place. In view of this, we are currently building a library of printed books and manuscripts written in Quechua, so as to further perpetuate ancient Quechua knowledge and memory

Ethnicity and descent. Incas today, flesh and blood: Cusco 2020

Tras la derrota ante los españoles, aquellos Incas que pactaron con la corona española lograron el reconocimiento de sus linajes y sobrevivieron durante toda la colonia. Producida la discutida independencia del Perú, Bolívar en 1825 emitió un decreto aboliendo los títulos de nobleza originarios, así como los de españoles. Algunos Incas cambiaron entonces sus apellidos originarios para poder seguir sobreviviendo al interior de un sistema sumamente excluyente y discriminador hacia la población aborigen. Otros, mantuvieron sus apellidos y tradiciones, llegando así hasta nuestros días. Ayllus y familias Incas hemos tenido continuidad desde la época Inca hasta nuestros días. El presente artículo reconstruye el caso del linaje familiar de los autores y de otras familias cusqueñas para, a partir de ellos demostrar la continuidad de los mismos y su renovada trascendencia social.After the Spanish victory, those Incaswho made a pact with the Spanish monarchy obtained the recognition of their descent and survived throughoutthe colonialperiod. Once the controversial independence of Peru was achieved, in 1825 Bolívar made a decree thatabolished native and Spanish nobility titles. Some Incaswould then change their original surnames in order to survive in an extremely exclusive and discriminatory system against the indigenouspopulation. Some otherswould maintain their surnames and customs until today, like Ayllus and Inca families, who have existedfrom the Inca periodon. This article reconstructsthe authors¿ family treeand that of other Cuzco families, by means ofwhich continuity can be proven and maintainedin what concerns social significance.Universidad Pablo de Olavid

Risk management in real estate investments: the property rating

Las inversiones inmobiliarias tienen vinculadas multitud de riesgos que afectan a su rentabilidad. Muchos de estos riesgos están relacionados entre sí y disponen de diferente peso específico en el rendimiento del activo. Conocer en profundidad los diferentes factores de riesgo que afectan al comportamiento económico de la inversión es fundamental para la toma de decisiones. El rating inmobiliario es una nueva herramienta adicional a las tradicionalmente empleadas en el análisis de inversiones en el sector inmobiliario: la due dilligence, la tasación y el análisis económico. A diferencia de estas herramientas tradicionales, el rating inmobiliario proporciona un exhaustivo análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los riesgos que afectan o pueden afectar al activo. La presente aportación estudia el funcionamiento del rating inmobiliario y analiza su función como una aplicación de la teoría general de gestión de riesgos en el contexto de la dirección integrada de proyectos. También se aporta la representación gráfica de la estructura de riesgos de un activo inmobiliario resultante de aplicar la técnica del rating inmobiliario. Esta estructura de riesgos vinculada a la vida útil del activo, permite establecer una clasificación de dicho activo en función de su capacidad de proporcionar la rentabilidad exigida por el inversorReal estate investments entail multiple risks affecting their profitability. A great number of these risks correlate and have specific importance in return on assets. Concerning the decision making, it is essential to know in depth the different risk factors which have impact on the economic behaviour of the return. The property rating is a new tool additional to those generally used in the investment analysis of real estate sector: due diligence, appraisal, and economic analysis. In contrast to these traditional tools, the property rating provides an exhaustive qualitative and quantitative analysis of risks that affect or may affect the assets. This contribution studies the functioning of the real estate rating and analyses its role as an application of the risk management general theory within the context of integrated project management. In addition, it is also applied the graphic representation of the risk structure of a real estate asset, which derives from the application of the property rating technique. Being related to the asset’s useful life, this risk structure allows establishing the classification of the asset according to its ability to provide the profitability demanded by the investo

Diagnostic Accuracy of Abdominal CT for Locally Advanced Colon Tumors: Can We Really Entrust Certain Decisions to the Reliability of CT?

Many different options of neoadjuvant treatments for advanced colon cancer are emerging. An accurate preoperative staging is crucial to select the most appropriate treatment option. A retrospective study was carried out on a national series of operated patients with T4 tumors. Considering the anatomo-pathological analysis of the surgical specimen as the gold standard, a diagnostic accuracy study was carried out on the variables T and N staging and the presence of peritoneal metastases (M1c). The parameters calculated were sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios, as well as the overall accuracy. A total of 50 centers participated in the study in which 1950 patients were analyzed. The sensitivity of CT for correct staging of T4 colon tumors was 57%. Regarding N staging, the overall accuracy was 63%, with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 62%; however, the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 1.7 and 0.58, respectively. For the diagnosis of peritoneal metastases, the accuracy was 94.8%, with a sensitivity of 40% and specificity of 98%; in the case of peritoneal metastases, the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 24.4 and 0.61, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of CT in the setting of advanced colon cancer still has some shortcomings for accurate diagnosis of stage T4, correct classification of lymph nodes, and preoperative detection of peritoneal metastases

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

El rating inmobiliario, una herramienta de análisis y calificación de riesgos a diferentes escalas geográficas

La actividad económica, administrativa y social asociada al sector inmobiliario se ve fuertemente afectada por los riesgos existentes en este sector. En el mundo de las finanzas, las agencias de rating proporcionan una ventaja importante a los inversores: información sobre la calidad crediticia de los instrumentos financieros. Por su parte, una agencia de rating inmobiliario aporta información acerca de la estructura de riesgos vinculada a un activo inmobiliario o un territorio. El rating inmobiliario se conforma como una herramienta que aporta transparencia al negocio inmobiliario y la planificación urbana poniendo de manifiesto los riesgos que puede afectar a los activos inmobiliarios o a los territorios a diferentes escalas. Para determinar el rating de una ciudad se parte de los riesgos que afectan a los diferentes ámbitos geográficos de mayor escala: país, comunidad autónoma y provincia, y se identifica la estructura de riesgos sistemáticos que afectan a cada zona de la ciudad y uso edificatorio. A partir de estos riesgos sistemáticos se determinan los riesgos específicos del activo inmobiliario y sus posibles desarrollos. La presente aportación analiza el funcionamiento del rating inmobiliario considerando el efecto de los riesgos sistemáticos y específicos a las diferentes escalas geográficasThe business, administrative and social activity in real estate sector is highly affected by the existing risks in this sector. In the financial world, the rating agencies give the investors an important advantage: information about the credit quality of the financial instruments. On the other hand, a real estate rating agency provides information about the risk structures related to a real estate asset or territory. The property rating is a tool which brings transparency to real estate business as well as urban planning by showing the risks that can affect the real estate assets or territories on different scales. To determine the rating of a city, it is started from the risks which affect the different geographical scopes of larger scale: country, autonomous region and provinces, and the systematic risk structure which affect each area of the city and building use is identified. From these systematic risks, the specific risks of the real estate asset and its possible developments are determined. The present contribution analyses how the property rating works by considering the effect of the systematic and specific risks on different geographical scale