Análisis espacio-temporal de la captura incidental de picudos por la pesquería cerquera venezolana de atún en el Pacífico oriental

The Venezuelan eastern Pacific tuna purse-seine fishery was analyzed to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of billfish´s incidental catch. The Venezuelan National Observer Program data-base was used, including the incidental catch and fishing effort from 1995 to 2006. Effort was expressed in number of sets and catch in number of organisms. Billfishes represented only 0.4% of the total incidental catch, and were grouped in two families: Xiphidae (swordfish) and Isthiophoridae (marlins and sailfish). The mean incidental catch did not show a well defined annual distribution pattern, with the highest vales registered in 1998, 2000 and 2003, with significant statistical differences among years. The highest catches were observed in Zone 3, ranging from the central American coasts to 120° W, between 5 and 20° N. Significant statistical differences were found among zones. The highest percentage of billfish incidental catch was registered with marine mammal sets (55%), followed by school-sets (29%) and lastly log-sets (16%). With significant statistical differences among these three types of sets. Billfishes were mainly incidentally caught from 26.5 to 30.5 °C of sea surface temperature. Most billfishes caught incidentally were big (>150 cm) (88%).Se realizó un análisis de la pesquería venezolana de atún con cerco que opera en el océano Pacífico oriental, con el objetivo de determinar la distribución espacio temporal de la captura incidental de picudos. Se utilizó la serie histórica de datos de la captura incidental de picudos y el esfuerzo de 1995 a 2006 proporcionados por el Programa Nacional de Observadores de Venezuela. El esfuerzo de pesca se expresó en número de lances y la captura en número de organismos. Los picudos representaron 0.4% de la captura incidental y estuvieron agrupados en dos familias: Xiphidae (pez espada) e Isthiophoridae (marlines y pez vela). La captura no mostró un patrón de distribución anual bien definido, siendo los años 1998, 2000 y 2003 los que presentaron los valores más altos de todo el período. El promedio de la captura anual mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas. Las capturas más altas se observaron en la Zona 3, comprendida desde el litoral de Centroamérica, al oeste, hasta 120° O, entre los paralelos 5° N y 20° N. Se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas entre zonas. El mayor porcentaje de captura incidental de picudos provino de lances realizados sobre mamíferos (55%), seguida sobre brisas (29%) y, finalmente sobre objetos flotantes (16%). La comparación estadística estableció que existe diferencia significativa de la captura media entre estos tres indicadores de pesca. Los organismos se capturaron principalmente desde los 26.5 °C hasta los 30.5 °C de temperatura superficial del mar. El 88% de los picudos capturados fueron grandes (>150 cm)

Evaluación de actividades de investigación y posgrado. Una experiencia bajo un modelo comprensivo

This article focuses on the development of a proposal for the academic evaluation in higher education. Based on the institutional need of the Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), Mexico, we developed an evaluation mechanism for its academic staff in their research and postgraduate activities, focused on offering feedback to improve academic work. Considering the need to take into account more robust indicators than scientific productivity by itself, we decided to use the comprehensive evaluation model to define the evaluation areas, based on the experience and needs of the community. Through the participation of 579 academics based on an open survey, the categories and indicators to be evaluated were defined, which are intended to reflect the demands of the particular context of the participating academics. We performed an inductive content analysis of the responses obtained; derived from this, we defined an evaluation mechanism that suggests the use of three instruments: Self-assessment guide; interview guide; and, Questionnaire for students. Each instrument was reviewed by experts from the university community to assess its possibility of application in all university areas. As a result, we obtained a proposal for an evaluation mechanism based on collegiality, thus coinciding with the comprehensive perspective, which aims to reflect the diversity of the university community and the complexity involved in carrying out academic activities in the field of postgraduate and research.El presente artículo se centra en el desarrollo de una propuesta para el problema de evaluación académica en educación superior. A partir de la necesidad institucional de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), México, se desarrolló un mecanismo de evaluación para su personal académico en sus actividades de investigación y posgrado, enfocado en ofrecer retroalimentación para la mejora de las labores académicas. Considerando la necesidad de tomar en cuenta indicadores más robustos que la sola productividad científica, se decidió utilizar el modelo de evaluación comprensiva para definir las áreas de evaluación a partir de la experiencia y necesidades de la comunidad universitaria. A través de la participación de 579 académicos a partir de una encuesta abierta, se definieron las categorías por evaluar, mismas que pretenden reflejar las demandas del contexto particular de los académicos participantes. Se realizó un análisis de contenido inductivo de las respuestas obtenidas; derivado de ello se definió un mecanismo de evaluación que sugiere el uso de tres instrumentos: Guía de autoevaluación; Guía de entrevista; y, Cuestionario para estudiantes. Cada instrumento se sujetó a revisión de expertos de la propia comunidad universitaria para valorar su pertinencia de aplicación para las diferentes áreas de conocimiento. Como resultado, se obtuvo una propuesta de mecanismo de evaluación basada en la colegialidad y no en estándares, coincidiendo así con la perspectiva comprensiva, la cual pretende reflejar la diversidad de la comunidad universitaria y la complejidad que implica la realización de actividades académicas en el ámbito del posgrado y la investigación

Water-Repellent Fluoropolymer-Based Coatings

We would like to thank to the company TECNIMACOR S.L. (Córdoba, Spain) for the preparation of the coatings studied in this work.Fluoropolymer-based coatings are widely used for release applications. However, these hydrophobic surfaces do not reveal a significantly low adhesion. Water repellency incorporated to fluoropolymer coatings might enhance their release performance. In this work, we focused on the surface texturing of a well-known polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based coating. We explored as texturing routes: sanding, sandblasting and laser ablation. We examined the surface roughness with white light confocal microscopy and the surface morphology with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Water-repellent fluoropolymer coatings were reproduced in all cases, although with different degree, parametrized with bounces of water drops (4–5 μL). Laser ablation enabled the lowest adhesion of coatings with 24 ± 2 bounces. This result and the current development of laser patterning for industry assure the incipient use of laser ablation for release coatings.The research was funded by the projects MAT2014-60615-R and MAT2017-82182-R, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO-FEDER)

Contamination and restoration of an estuary affected by phosphogypsum releases

The Huelva Estuary in Huelva, Spain, has been one of the most studied environmental compartments in the past years from the point of view of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) releases. It has been historically affected by waste releases, enriched in radionuclides from the U-decay series, from factories located in the area devoted to the production of phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers. Nevertheless, changes in national regulations forced a new waste management practice in 1998, prohibiting releases of phosphogypsum into the rivers. The input of natural radionuclides from phosphate factories to rivers was drastically reduced. Because of this there was a unique opportunity for the study of the response of a contaminated environmental compartment, specifically an estuary affected by tidal influences, after the cessation of the contaminant releases to, in this case, the Huelva Estuary (henceforth referred to as the Estuary). To investigate the environmental response to this new discharge regime, the specific activities of radionuclides 226Ra and 210Pb in water and sediment samples collected in four campaigns (from 1999 to 2005) were determined and compared with pre-1998 values. From this study it is possible to infer the most effective mechanisms of decontamination for the Estuary. Decontamination rates of 210Pb and 226Ra in the sediments and water have been calculated using exponential fittings and corresponding half-lives have been deduced from them. The cleaning half-life in the whole area of the Estuary is about 6 and 3.5 years for 226Ra and 210Pb respectively. The observed trend clearly shows that contamination of the Estuary by natural radionuclides is now decreasing and radioactive levels in waters and sediments are approaching the natural background references. This work attempts to evaluate whether it can be expected that the decontamination of the enhanced levels of natural radioactivity in the Estuary can be performed via natural processe

The Role of Mpas in the Development of Northwest Mexico Fisheries

The northwest coast of Mexico is accountable for almost 70 % of the country´s fishery production. This region, which includes the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula, is also extremely important in terms of biodiversity and the presence of endemic species. Consequently, eleven marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established along the region. Although conceived primarily for biodiversity conservation, natural protected areas are having increasingly important socioeconomic effects. To better understand the effects on coastal communities, we conducted an analysis of the role that MPAs are having in the development of the region´s fisheries. Six MPAs were selected for analysis using case study methodology. The main issue under investigation is the effect on fishery productivity. Main sources of information were documental research, official fishery statistics and expert consultation. Preliminary results suggest that the impact of MPAs on fishery productivity has been mixed. Better results have been achieved by the MPAs of the Pacific coast of Baja California; and that community involvement in MPA design and management has been instrumental in explaining these improvements

Cultura de investigación para la innovación y el emprendimiento

El libro se encuentra dividido en tres ejes temáticos : el primero trata temas de Investigación aplicada con dos capítulos, el segundo eje contiene los capítulos tres al seis y aborda temas de innovación en procesos con temas de software y competitividad empresarial; el eje tres innovación en servicios y en producción, del capítulo siete al doce aborda temas tan interesantes como las realidades de la internacionalización de servicios, logística hospitalaria, modelo de diagnóstico para el desarrollo socio-económico y modelo de microcréditos.The book is divided into three thematic axes: the first deals with issues of applied research with two chapters, the second axis contains chapters three to six and addresses issues of innovation in processes with issues of software and business competitiveness; axis three innovation in services and production, from chapter seven to twelve, addresses such interesting topics as the realities of the internationalization of services, hospital logistics, a diagnostic model for socio-economic development and a microcredit model.Cómo fomentar la investigación científica y la innovación empresarial desde una unidad de emprendimiento / Carlos Andres Zamudio Delgado, Johemir Pérez Pertuz -- Cambio y variabilidad cognitiva en el desarrollo de competencias financieras en niños y niñas de 7 años / Luis Guillermo Rojas Gómez -- FINEVA: el software para el análisis financiero de la internacionalización empresarial / Guillermo Rafael Angulo Vega, Lissette Salomé Ortíz Gallardo, Johel Andrés García Vargas -- Responsabilidad social del contador público desde su proceso de formación para fortalecer la gestión contable de microempresarios en la localidad de suba upz rincón Bogotá Colombia / Nadia Ávila, Ana C. Pinzón Vargas -- Competitividad e innovación en el aprendiz SENA: perspectivas de formación / René Alexander Guerrero Vergel, Ferly Antonio Valencia Serna, Elizabeth Tuberquia Vanegas -- Diseño y desarrollo de una aplicación de escritorio para la homologación contable de módulos sap systeme anwendungen und produkte / Nelson Giovanni Agudelo Cristancho, Ángela María Montoya, Juan Carlos Amezquita Tovar -- Realidades de la internacionalización de servicios en Colombia: una revisión de literatura (1994-2017) / Campo Elías López Rodríguez, Juan Carlos Ligarreto Parra, Haroldo Enrique Puerta Cabarcas -- Logística hospitalaria: caracterización de la operación de una sala de urgencias en la ciudad de Ibagué / Julián Alonso Garzón Quiroga, Jaime Alberto Villada Garcés -- Estudio de la evolución de la huella ocular como mecanismo de seguridad para las entidades financieras / Laura Valentina García Pérez, Karen Valentina Cetina Huérfano, Ashly Valeria Mercado Rojas, Ana C Pinzón Vargas -- Cómo vincular la información que brinda la contabilidad de gestión ambiental con los proyectos de emprendimiento / Daniel Isaac Roque -- Modelo diagnóstico para el desarrollo socio- productivo de la chamba en la post cosecha / Marina Casallas Silva, Jimmy Daniel Gamba Casallas, Wilson Ferney Molano -- Modelo de microcréditos para el sistema financiero / José Gerardo Vaca Lombanana232 página

A first approach to the management of the incidental catch of the eastern Pacific Mexican tuna fleet

The information registered by the Mexican Tuna Management and Dolphin Protection Program (PNAAPD) observers on board the Mexican tuna vessels was used to make a basic statistical analysis of the incidental catch of the Mexican eastern Pacific fleet, and to evaluate different aspects of the spatial and seasonal closure strategy. Twenty spatial and seasonal units were identified and hierarchically classified by set-type into four categories (explosive, avoidable, preventive and acceptable) based on two criteria: the incidental catch per set and the number of sets. Incidental catch reduction curves were created. Finally, and example of incidental catch reduction was performed for the mahi-mahi (dolphin-fish) Coryphaena hippurus and C. aquisells, considering the reduction percentage of incidental catch and main objective species catch (yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares), and the number of spatial and seasonal units closed. Log-sets are the type of sets that contribute with the gratest amount of incidental catch, except for billfishes. Of the five analyzed areas, those located off the coasts of Mexico can be considered as those with lower risk for most of the species incidentally caught throughout the year. The direct strategy for most of the management objectives is to eliminate or reduce the number of log-sets for the Mexican tuna fleet, throughout the whole zone or in specific units, resulting in a significant incidental catch reduction and a minimal effect on the yellowfin catch. The choice among five alternatives, none better than the others, establishing the units to be closed and the order to do so to reduce the incidental catch, rests in the decision-makers, and is a function of their preferences in respects to the different criteria used to evaluate the alternatives

Captura de atún aleta azul en Baja California, México: ¿pesquería regional o maquiladora marina?

El atún aleta azul, capturado por la flota mexicana en las costas de la península de Baja California, se destinaba al enlatado local, para ofrecer a los consumidores nacionales un producto barato y con valor nutritivo alto. Sin embargo, esto cambió en la última década con la llegada de inversionistas, sobre todo japoneses. Ahora el atún se captura, engorda y exporta a los mercados japonés y estadounidense, que pagan un precio elevado, para satisfacer su demanda de sashimi. Esto tiene repercusiones positivas en el orden social y económico en México y Japón; determinadas a partir del trabajo de campo directo e indirecto realizado en el marco de esta investigación. Además, se identificaron algunas similitudes entre el comportamiento de las empresas estudiadas y la industria maquiladora de exportación, lo que abrió un debate sobre el tema

Administración de la pesquería del atún aleta azul en Baja California. Una visión global

La administración de la pesquería del atún aleta azul en la región noroeste de nuestro país depende de contar con una visión global sobre este recurso, el cual México comparte, sobre todo, con Japón, cuya flota captura 74 por ciento y consume casi 100 por ciento de la producción total. Es importante considerar que esta especie desova al sur de Japón y que sólo parte del recurso migra hacia las costas mexicanas de la península de Baja California, por lo que el manejo que las autoridades pesqueras mexicanas le otorguen a este valioso recurso renovable sólo funcionará cuando se establezca una administración conjunta con Japón

Descarte y captura incidental de la flota atunera mexicana menor de 363 tm de capacidad de acarreo en 1996

Due to the importance of fishing in a responsible manner, following FAO's Code of Conduct for Responsaible Fishing, there is the need to estimate the incidental catch and discard of all fisheries worldwide. The fishing logbooks of the mexican tunaboats with less than 363 metric tons of carrying capacity were analyzed to estimate the level of tuna discards and incidental catches during 1996. Due to the absence of scientific observers aboard, direct and indirect methods were used. The tun discard estimate varied fro 190 to 230 metric tons, and the incidental catch estimate from 146 to 262 metric tons of different species or group os species. The discard estimate represents approximately 1.3 to 1.6% of total catch, and the incidental catch estimate about 1.0 to 1.8%. These levels are low compared to worldwide and other tun fisheries discard and incidental catch estimates, but the damage they cause to the populations affected are subject to further population dynamic studies.Debido a la importancia de realizar actividades pesqueras responsables, de acuerdo al Código de Conducta para l Pesca Responsable de la FAO, es de gran necesidad el contar con estimaciones de la captura incidental y descartes en todas las pesquerías a nivel mundial. En el presnte trabajo se aalizaron bitácoras de pesca de embarcaciones atuneras mexicanas menores de 363 tm de capacidad de acarreo para obtener una estimación del nivel de descarte de atunes y captura incidental en 1996. Debido  a la ausencia de observadores científicos a bordo, se utilizaron métodos directos e indirectos para las estimaciones. Se estimó un descarte de atunes con un intervalo de 190 a 230 toneladas métricas, y captura incidental con un intervalo de 146 a 262 toneladas métricas de diferentes especies o grupos de especies. El descarte representa entre el 1.3 y 1.6% de la captura total, y la captura incidental entre el 1.0 y 1.8%. Estos niveles resultan bajos comparados con los niveles mundiales y con los de otras pesquerías de túnidos, pero el daño que causan a las poblaciones está sujeto a estudios futuros sobre la dinámica poblacional de cada especie descartada o capturada incidentalmente