26,877 research outputs found
On periodic homeomorphisms of spheres
The purpose of this paper is to study how small orbits of periodic
homemorphisms of spheres can be.Comment: Published by Algebraic and Geometric Topology at
http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/agt/AGTVol1/agt-1-22.abs.htm
Investigation of a Protein Complex Network
The budding yeast {\it Saccharomyces cerevisiae} is the first eukaryote whose
genome has been completely sequenced. It is also the first eukaryotic cell
whose proteome (the set of all proteins) and interactome (the network of all
mutual interactions between proteins) has been analyzed. In this paper we study
the structure of the yeast protein complex network in which weighted edges
between complexes represent the number of shared proteins. It is found that the
network of protein complexes is a small world network with scale free behavior
for many of its distributions. However we find that there are no strong
correlations between the weights and degrees of neighboring complexes. To
reveal non-random features of the network we also compare it with a null model
in which the complexes randomly select their proteins. Finally we propose a
simple evolutionary model based on duplication and divergence of proteins.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, to appear in Euro. Phys. J.
Speciational view of macroevolution: are micro and macroevolution decoupled?
We introduce a simple computational model that, with a microscopic dynamics
driven by natural selection and mutation alone, allows the description of true
speciation events. A statistical analysis of the so generated evolutionary tree
captures realistic features showing power laws for frequency distributions in
time and size. Albeit these successful predictions, the difficulty in obtaining
punctuated dynamics with mass extinctions suggests the necessity of decoupling
micro and macro-evolutionary mechanisms in agreement with some ideas of Gould's
and Eldredge's theory of punctuated equilibrium.Comment: Europhys. Lett. 75:342--34
Quenching of the beam-plasma instability by 3-D spectra of large scale density fluctuations
A model is presented to explain the highly variable yet low level of Langmuir waves measured in situ by spacecraft when electron beams associated with Type III solar bursts are passing by; the low level of excited waves allows the propagation of such streams from the Sun to well past 1 AU without catastrophic energy losses. The model is based, first, on the existence of large scale density fluctuations that are able to efficiently diffuse small k beam unstable Langmuir waves in phase space, and, second, on the presence of a significantly isotropic nonthermal tail in the distribution function of the background electron population, which is capable of stabilizing larger k modes. The strength of the model lies in its ability to predict various levels of Langmuir waves depending on the parameters. This feature is consistent with the high variability actually observed in the measurements
A nonstationary generalization of the Kerr congruence
Making use of the Kerr theorem for shear-free null congruences and of
Newman's representation for a virtual charge ``moving'' in complex space-time,
we obtain an axisymmetric time-dependent generalization of the Kerr congruence,
with a singular ring uniformly contracting to a point and expanding then to
infinity. Electromagnetic and complex eikonal field distributions are naturally
associated with the obtained congruence, with electric charge being
necesssarily unit (``elementary''). We conjecture that the corresponding
solution to the Einstein-Maxwell equations could describe the process of
continious transition of the naked ringlike singularitiy into a rotating black
hole and vice versa, under a particular current radius of the singular ring.Comment: 6 pages, twocolum
The worldwide air transportation network: Anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities' global roles
We analyze the global structure of the world-wide air transportation network,
a critical infrastructure with an enormous impact on local, national, and
international economies. We find that the world-wide air transportation network
is a scale-free small-world network. In contrast to the prediction of
scale-free network models, however, we find that the most connected cities are
not necessarily the most central, resulting in anomalous values of the
centrality. We demonstrate that these anomalies arise because of the
multi-community structure of the network. We identify the communities in the
air transportation network and show that the community structure cannot be
explained solely based on geographical constraints, and that geo-political
considerations have to be taken into account. We identify each city's global
role based on its pattern of inter- and intra-community connections, which
enables us to obtain scale-specific representations of the network.Comment: Revised versio
Multi-beam Energy Moments of Multibeam Particle Velocity Distributions
High resolution electron and ion velocity distributions, f(v), which consist
of N effectively disjoint beams, have been measured by NASA's Magnetospheric
Multi-Scale Mission (MMS) observatories and in reconnection simulations.
Commonly used standard velocity moments generally assume a single
mean-flow-velocity for the entire distribution, which can lead to
counterintuitive results for a multibeam f(v). An example is the (false)
standard thermal energy moment of a pair of equal and opposite cold particle
beams, which is nonzero even though each beam has zero thermal energy. By
contrast, a multibeam moment of two or more beams has no false thermal energy.
A multibeam moment is obtained by taking a standard moment of each beam and
then summing over beams. In this paper we will generalize these notions,
explore their consequences and apply them to an f(v) which is sum of
tri-Maxwellians. Both standard and multibeam energy moments have coherent and
incoherent forms. Examples of incoherent moments are the thermal energy
density, the pressure and the thermal energy flux (enthalpy flux plus heat
flux). Corresponding coherent moments are the bulk kinetic energy density, the
RAM pressure and the bulk kinetic energy flux. The false part of an incoherent
moment is defined as the difference between the standard incoherent moment and
the corresponding multibeam moment. The sum of a pair of corresponding coherent
and incoherent moments will be called the undecomposed moment. Undecomposed
moments are independent of whether the sum is standard or multibeam and
therefore have advantages when studying moments of measured f(v).Comment: 27 single-spaced pages. Three Figure
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