The Europranization of national Foreign Policies: The Examples og germany and France within the Framework of Ukraine Crisis

Abstract. This study aims to investigate the effects of foreign policy cooperation processes laid down at European Union (EU) level on national foreign policies. Vast majority of the current literature on European integration focus on the impacts of developments at EU level, supra-national institutionalization and policy-making processes on member states. However, as the domain of foreign policy, which has been included within the institutional framework of the EU with the Maastricht Treaty, is under the control of member states, it has been excluded from these investigations for a long time. Even though the foreign policy of EU has an intergovernmental character, the expansion of the foreign policy domain and the development of institutional structures after the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty have introduced considerable changes in the national foreign policies of member states. In this context, the main problematic of this study is to examine how and in what ways EU foreign policy, which was designed to be under the control of member states as a result of concerns related with sovereignty, unveil the changes in member states’ foreign policies. Providing an explanation for this problematic has become significant as national foreign policies have increasingly become the subject matter of foreign policy-making at EU level after the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty. In order to account for this problematic, the concept of Europeanization, which examines the effects of the EU integration processes and developments on member states and suggests a different approach to the European integration, was employed. Moreover, this study addressed the Ukraine crisis, which posed a considerable threat to European peace and stability in the post-Cold War era, as a case study. The changes in the national foreign policies of two prominent members of the European Union, Germany and France, towards Russia within the course of Ukraine crisis were also examined in the context of the Europeanization concept. Consequently, it is seen that constant participation of member states in the foreign policy-making processes at EU level initiates significant changes in member states’ national foreign policies, even though it cannot cause a transformation of national foreign policies. While such change assists the growth of institutional structures at EU level, it also enables more binding decisions to be made for the Europeanization of member states’ national foreign policies. Thereby, national foreign policies of member states become more likely to be influenced by the foreign policy at EU level.Keywords. European Union Foreign Policy, The Europeanization, Ukraine Crisis, National Foreign Policy.JEL. F51, F55

I-Cesàro summability of sequences of sets

In this paper, we defined concept of Wijsman I-Cesàro summability for sequences of sets and investigate the relationships between the concepts of Wijsman strongly I-Cesàro summability, Wijsman strongly I-lacunary summability, Wijsman p-strongly I-Cesàro summability and Wijsman I-statistical convergenc

Deep Learning Based Models for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important disease that occurs because of damage to the retinal blood vessels in the human eye due to diabetes and causes blindness. If diagnosed correctly, the treatments to be applied increase the possibility of preventing vision loss or blindness. This study aims to present an evaluation of deep learning methods to detect diabetic retinopathy from retinal images. In this direction, the VGG16 model was considered, and two different versions of this model were obtained by making improvements. Besides, a model has been proposed, the first layers are dense, the next layers have decreasing convolution, and have fewer layers. According to the results, the VGG16 model, which reached 75.48% accuracy, reached 76.57% accuracy due to the dropout layer added to the classification layers, and 77.11% accuracy due to the dropout layer added to all blocks. The highest accuracy was obtained in the proposed model with 81.74%

The role of the landmarks in the legibility of holiday villages

Bu çalışmada mimari çevrenin okunabilirliğinde önemli bir bileşen olan “çevre işaretleri”nin turizm amaçlı bir yerleşme türü olan “tatil köyleri”nin  mekansal olarak okunmasındaki rolü değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme için Antalya İli Belek beldesinden üç adet tatil köyü seçilmiş, seçilen tatil köylerinde çevre işaretlerinin bireyler tarafından seçimini tespit etmek için anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Anket bireyin tatil köyü ile ilgili hatırladığı elemanların açık uçlu sorularla ve “bilişsel harita” çizimi ile tespitini sağlamıştır. Buna göre bir tatil köyünde, sahip olduğu rekreasyon ve dinlenme amaçlarına bağlı olarak bireylerin tespit ettikleri çevre işaretleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu veriler bize yeni bir tatil köyü tasarımında yüksek düzeyde okunabilirlik sağlanmasında çevre işaretlerinin ne tür özelliklere sahip olması gerektiği ile ilgili birtakım sonuçlar sunmaktadır.In this study the role of the "landmarks" which are one of the most important components in the legibility of an architectural environment has been evaluated in the spatial reading of the resort type "holiday village". Legibility means the ease of recognition and organization of parts of an urban space. Theoretically it has six components: landmarks, routes, nodes, edges, districts and complexity . Landmark is one and most important organizer of this process. A legible space rescues from being lost, eases quick move, develops a common sense psychology, gives emotional trust, increases potential density in experience and decreases chaos, anger and unconscious crowd in space. Landmarks helps to decrease all negative space effects on human psychology. In an urban design all the elements to be selected as a landmarks have to be found out. These findings can guide a new design to be much more legible and preferred. One of the methods of this kind of research is a case study in that environment. As an urban environment three holiday villages in the Mediterranean shores of Antalya-Belek have been selected for this evaluation. A questionnaire that determined the architectural elements chosen by the subject with open-ended question types and a "cognitive map" drawing exercise has been used. As a result the landmarks with relation to all recreation and resting facilities have been found out. These data have given us conclusion on the features of landmarks to develop a high level legibility for a holiday village settlement design study

From Traditional to Reform-Based Teaching Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Elementary Science Teachers

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to examine the relationship between teachers’ beliefs about their teaching and their classroom practices based on interviews and classroom observations across eight elementary science teachers. A quantitative research analysis showed there was a statistically positive correlation between their beliefs and practices. However, only three teachers’ belief categories were coherent with classroom practices. We argue that there is a complex understanding of tension between the two entities. Those teachers with traditional teaching profiles noted that centralized exams and a strict curriculum limited their classroom practices. Implications for this study about the practice of reform-based teaching are discussed

Effect of vortex generators to the flow around circular cylinder

Dairesel silindir etrafındaki akım, son derece karmaşık yapısı ve mühendislik uygulamalarında sıkça karşılaşılan bir akım tipi olması nedeniyle, yaklaşık bir asırdır hidro-aerodinamik alanda araştırmacıların temel konularından birisi olmuştur. Öte yandan, sınır tabaka ayrılması özellikle dolgun cisimler etrafındaki akışı değiştirerek büyük miktarda enerji kaybına yol açan bir olaydır. Buna bağlı olarak, hidro-aerodinamik pek çok aracın performansı akım ayrılmasının yeri tarafından kontrol edilmektedir. Akım ayrılmasının engellenmesi ya da geciktirilmesi için kullanılan en etkili yöntemlerden biri pasif girdap yaratıcılardır. Girdap yaratıcılar, neden oldukları sınır tabaka içine gömülen girdaplardan dolayı oluşan makro ölçekteki hareketler ile duvar yakınındaki akışın yeniden düzenlenmesini sağlamaktadır. Çalışmadaki amaç, girdap yaratıcıların dairesel silindir etrafındaki akışa ve girdap oluşma mekanizmasına olan etkilerinin deneysel olarak ortaya konmasıdır. Çalışmada, dairesel silindirin yakın iz bölgesi DPIV ile görüntülenmiştir. Deneyler, Newcastle Üniversitesi Emerson Kavitasyon Tüneli’nde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, 1.6 mm yüksekliğinde, akış yönüne ±10 derece açı yapacak şekilde kullanılan girdap yaratıcıların silindir çevresine dört farklı açıda yerleştirildikleri vakalar ve girdap yaratıcı içermeyen yalın silindir vakası yer almaktadır. Çalışmadaki Reynolds sayısı 41300 ve buna karşılık gelen silindir akış rejimi ise kritik-altı rejimdir. Ölçümlenen akış alanlarının analizi, Reynolds Ayrıştırması ve POD olmak üzere, iki ayrı türbülanslı akış alanı ayrıştırma tekniği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. İz bölgesindeki girdaplılık, gerilme dağılımı, salınım frekansı gibi pek çok akış özelliği ortaya konmuştur. Yalın silindir vakası için yapılmış olan ölçümler literatür ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Girdap yaratıcıların etkisi, vakaların kendi aralarında ve yalın silindir ile karşılaştırmaları ile belirlenmiş, sonuçlar tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Dairesel silindir etrafındaki akış, girdap yaratıcılar, DPIV.  Flow around a circular cylinder has been one of the basic research subjects in hydro-aerodynamics area in almost a hundred years. Related to its complex flow characteristics there are many aspects that make this topic most interesting including surface curvature of the cylinder, severe adverse pressure gradient, massive flow separation, oscillation of the separation point, unstable wake and hence vortex shedding, high sensitivity to free stream properties, aspect ratio, blockage, vortex street formation and completely variable flow pattern between flow regimes. Besides, boundary layer separation causes large energy losses especially by changing the flow pattern around bluff bodies. Accordingly, the performance of many hydro-aerodynamic vehicles is controlled by the location of the separation point. Thus, besides the importance of the separation control as a basic research subject, it can be regarded as an important engineering problem. One of the most effective methods used for preventing and delaying flow separation is the use of passive vortex generators. The macro scale motions of the vortices embedded in the boundary layer caused by the vortex generators provide over tuning of the flow in the vicinity of the wall. Thus, two important subjects of the fluid mechanics are considered in this study. The aim of the study is to experimentally investigate the effect of the streamwise vortex generators on the flow around circular cylinder and vortex formation mechanism. Wake oscillations of the circular cylinder and vortex shedding is visualized with digital PIV system which is the most suitable measurement system for determination of the general flow topology such as vortex structures and stress distribution. The experiments are conducted at Emerson Cavitation Tunnel, School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University. The study consists of five cases including bare cylinder and four cases with vortex generators in which the generators are located at 50, 60, 65, and 70 degrees angles from the first stagnation point. The bare cylinder and vortex generators cases are coded as VG0000, VG1650, VG1660, VG1665, and VG1670, respectively. Vane type vortex generators which are 1.6 mm in height are paced with ±10 degrees sweep angles on the cylinder. The Reynolds number investigated is 41300, which corresponds to the sub-critical flow state. All the measurements were conducted at the midspan of the cylinder and the measurement area according to the cylinder diameter was 2.6Dx0.9D, in X and Y directions, respectively. The free stream velocity was 0.588 m/s and the inlet turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale of the free stream at this velocity were 1.73% and 0.22D, respectively. The analysis of the flow fields extracted from the PIV images are processed with two different turbulent flow field decomposition techniques including Reynolds decomposition, and Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The flow properties such as vorticity, stress distribution and oscillation frequency are derived from the analysis. The results of the measurements conducted for the bare cylinder are compared with the data in the open literature.  These indicate that the results are in good agreement with the results of the similar studies in literature. Experimental results show that the vortex generators highly affect the near wake and hence the boundary layer of the cylinder. First of all, Reynolds averaged flow fields indicate that the shear layers get closer to each other, bend towards the centerline, and the width of the near wake decreases. These events clearly indicate that the flow separation is delayed on the measurement plane. One can observe that the vortex formation length and the wake closure length are increased considerably with the downstream motion of the separation location as shown in the literature. The amount of the global mean circulation in the flow fields is also increased because of the vortex generators while the width of the shear layers is decreased. The more concentrated pattern of the shear layers provide the vortex formation process to occur at a longer distance from the cylinder. It is expected that the increase in the vortex formation length causes the low pressure area behind the cylinder to move with the vortices and hence decreases the suction at the rear side of the cylinder. With the displacement of the shear layers towards the wake centerline and the thinning of the shear layers, the Strouhal number is increased approximately 41% at VG1650, and then is decreased slowly probably due to the reduction of strength of the forming vortex. It is obvious that the strength of the stresses due to both turbulent and coherent motions decreases because of the vortex generators. Keywords: Flow around circular cylinder, vortex generators, DPIV. 

Comparison of the diagnostic characteristics of electrocardiographic algorithms in detecting the localization of the accessory pathway in Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome

Amaç: Wolff Parkinson White Sendromu’nda aksesuvar yol lokalizasyonunu tespit etmek için kullanılan bazı elektrokardiyografik algo‐ ritmaların (Arruda, Boersma, Fitzpatrick ve Chiang) tanısal özelliklerinin birbirleri ile karşılaştırılması. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 01.10.2013‐15.10.2017 tarihleri arasında Wolff Parkinson White Sendromu sebebi ile kliniğimize baş‐ vuran ve takibinde elektrofizyolojik çalışma yapılan 50 hasta (yaş ortalaması 34,8 ±14,3 yıl, %52’si erkek) dahil edildi. Tüm hastaların elektrokardiyogramlarında işlem öncesi preeksitasyon paterni mevcuttu. Hastaların elektrofizyolojik çalışma öncesi elektrokardiyogra‐ fileri incelendi ve herbirinde Arruda, Boersma, Fitzpatrick ve Chiang algoritmaları kullanılarak aksesuvar yol lokalizasyonu tahminleri ya‐ pıldı. Daha sonrasında elde edilen veriler ile elektrofizyolojik çalışma sonrasında tespit edilen gerçek aksesuvar yol lokalizasyonları ara‐ sındaki uyum değerlendirildi. İşlem öncesi elektrokardiyografilerine ulaşılamayan hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Dört algoritma ile elek‐ t ro fizyolojik çalışma arasındaki aksesuvar yol tahminindeki uyum fleiss kappa test istatistiği ile hesaplandı. Bulgular: Elektrofizyolojik çalışma ile doğrulanan aksesuvar yol tahmin etme gücü Arruda algoritması ile %58, Chiang algoritması ile %52, Boersma algoritması ile %48 ve Fitzpatrick algoritması ile %38 olarak tespit edildi. Algoritmaların elektrofizyolojik çalışma ile olan uyumları incelendiğinde Arruda algoritması orta derecede uyum göstermekte idi (Kappa: 0,48, p <0,001). Diğer 3 algoritma ise zayıf de‐ recede uyum göstermekte idi. Sonuç: Aksesuar yol lokalizasyonunu belirlemede elektrofizyolojik çalışma altın standart yöntem olarak bilinmektedir. Söz konusu elek‐ trokardiyografi algoritmalarının aksesuvar yol lokalizasyonunu tahmin etme gücü beklenenden düşük olmasına rağmen bu algoritma‐ ların elektrofizyolojik çalışma öncesi kullanımının işlemin başarı şansını artırabileceğini düşünmekteyiz. Bu çalışmada kullanılan algorit‐ malar arasında en yüksek tahmin gücü Arruda algoritmasında saptandı (%58).Objective: To compare the diagnostic characteristics of some electrocardiographic algorithms (Arruda, Boersma, Fitzpatrick, and Chiang) used to detect accessory pathway localization in Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome. Material and Method: Our study included fifty patients (mean age 34.8±14.3 years, 52% male) who applied to our clinic from 01.10.2013 to 15.10.2017 due to Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome and underwent electrophysiological study. There was a pre‐excita‐ tion pattern in the electrocardiograms of all patients before the procedure. The electrocardiograms of the patients were examined be‐ fore the electrophysiological study, and accessory pathway localization estimations were made using the Arruda, Boersma, Fitzpatrick, and Chiang algorithms for each. The compatibility between the data obtained afterwards and the actual accessory pathway localiza‐ tions detected after electrophysiological study was evaluated. Patients whose electrocardiograms could not be accessed before the pro‐ cedure were excluded from the study. The agreement between the four algorithms and the electrophysiological study in the prediction of the accessory pathway was calculated using the Fleiss’ kappa test statistics. Results: Accessory pathway prediction power verified by electrophysiological study was determined as 58% by Arruda’s algorithm, 52% by Chiang’s algorithm, 48% by Boersma’s algorithm and 38% by Fitzpatrick’s algorithm. Upon review of the agreement of the algorithms with the electrophysiological study, the Arruda’s algorithm showed moderate agreement (Kappa: 0.48, p<0.001). The other 3 algorithms showed weak level of agreement. Conclusion: Electrophysiological study is known as the gold standard method for detecting accessory pathway localization. Although the power of these electrocardiogram algorithms to predict accessory pathway localization is lower than expected, we believe that the use of these algorithms before electrophysiological study may increase the chance of success of the procedure. Among the algorithms used in this study, the highest predictive power was found in the Arruda algorithm (58%)

Orbital Complications of Acute Sinusitis: Evaluation, Management, and Results

Objective: Even though acute rhinosinusitis orbital complications are not very common, they can appear as very severe complications with high mortality rates, due to infection spreading to orbital and intracranial tissues. The objective of this study is to assess the treatment and its results for patients treated in our clinic due to rhinosinusitis complications.Methods:Patients who were admitted to our clinic due to acute rhinosinusitis complications between January 2010 and March 2012 were examined. We retrospectively evaluated 11 patients 8 (73%) males and 3 (23%) females with a mean age 12.36 years (range 6-20 years)who were treated for orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis. Cases were evaluated according to age, sex, etiologic factors, localization, treatment, and outcome.Results: Preseptal cellulitis was observed in 9 patients (82%), orbital abscess was observed in 1 patient (9%), and subperiosteal abscess was observed in 1 patient (9%). Ten of 11 patients achieved full recovery through medical treatment, whereas 1 patient was treated with right subperiosteal abscess drainage and right functional endoscopic sinus surgery due to subperiosteal abscess. The patients’ average admission duration was 7 days.Conclusion: The orbita is the area with the most common sinusitis complications, due to its proximity to the paranasal sinuses and especially to ethmoid cells. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are important for the reduction of unwanted manifestations. Computed tomography with contrast remains the optimal imaging study for orbital inflammation. Surgical treatment is indicated when subperiosteal orbital abscess and orbital abscess are scenes

COVID-19 infection in pregnancy: A single-center experience in Rize in the Eastern Black Sea Region

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to share the clinical experiences of mothers and their babies (perinatal, natal) who encountered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during pregnancy. Material and Methods: The study was carried out retrospectively, 62 pregnant individuals were diagnosed with the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Demographic characteristics, clinical course, laboratory and radiological findings and clinical results of the baby were evaluated by examining electronic and file records. Results: The average age of the 62 pregnant women included in the study was 29.8 +/- 4.7 (19-42) years, and the average gestational week at the time of admission was 28.5 +/- 10.4 (5-40) weeks. More than half of the patients (80,6%) on admission were in their third trimester. The most common initial symptoms were cough (45.2%), myalgia (43.5%),) fever (21%). In total, 15 of the pregnant women had evidence of COVID-19 pneumonia in lung involvement. The PCR test results of all pregnant women were positive. There were three cases admitted to the intensive care unit, one of whom was due to gestational diabetes. No maternal mortality was recorded. One gestation ended in a miscarriage and two women gave birth prematurely. One stillbirth occurred at the 33h week of gestation. Among 22 neonates, two were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Neonatal mortality, congenital malformation, and mother- to- child transmission were not observed in newborns. Discussion: The results of our study suggest that the clinical course of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women was mostly asymptomatic/mild