NORWEGIAN SALMON AQUACULTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND INDUSTRY GROWTH

This paper discusses the relationship between industry growth and environmental quality in the context of salmon aquaculture. It is argued that industry growth can reduce pollution by inducing more technological innovations for industry-specific, pollution-reducing inputs. This increases the elasticity of substitution between conventional factors of production on the one hand, and pollution on the other, and therefore enables a greater degree of internalization of environmental problems. Four indicators of pollution are examined for Norwegian salmon aquaculture. The salmon aquaculture industry is one in which growth is associated with reduced environmental problems not only in relative, but also in absolute terms.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Long-haul flights and tourist arrivals

Travel cost is a barrier for many tourists who wish to visit faraway destinations. This affects exotic tourism destinations located far from key markets since it the great majority of travelers from these markets will find travel cost prohibitively high. However, exotic tourism destinations might attract more visitors if they are able to improve market access through improved international air connectivity. The objective of this study is to test whether an increase in the number of long-haul flights has positive impacts on the number of tourist arrivals. We estimate a dynamic demand model using panel data of tourist arrivals to Peru and flight connections from 75 origin countries spanning the years 2004 to 2009, and find significant positive direct and indirect effects of long haul flights on demand for air travel to Peru.Air travel demand, nonstop flights, tourism arrivals, Peru

The Price Responsiveness of Salmon Supply in the Short and Long Run

Productivity growth and competitiveness indicate that salmon supply is price responsive. However, in the short run supply is likely to be constrained by the biological production process, regulations, and capacity constraints. In this article, we estimate a restricted profit function for Norwegian salmon producers, which allows us to examine the industry’s short-run and long-run supply responsiveness separately. Using data spanning 1985 to 2004, we find that there is close to zero, own-price supply responsiveness in the short run. In the long run, this changes substantially as supply becomes elastic. This result can contribute to explaining the observed cyclical profitability in the salmon farming industry.Restricted profit function, supply, salmon farming, profit cycles, Demand and Price Analysis, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, D24, Q21, Q22,

Long-haul flights and tourist arrivals

Travel cost is a barrier for many tourists who wish to visit faraway destinations. This affects exotic tourism destinations located far from key markets since it the great majority of travelers from these markets will find travel cost prohibitively high. However, exotic tourism destinations might attract more visitors if they are able to improve market access through improved international air connectivity. The objective of this study is to test whether an increase in the number of long-haul flights has positive impacts on the number of tourist arrivals. We estimate a dynamic demand model using panel data of tourist arrivals to Peru and flight connections from 75 origin countries spanning the years 2004 to 2009, and find significant positive direct and indirect effects of long haul flights on demand for air travel to Peru

The Fishery Performance Indicators: A Management Tool for Triple Bottom Line Outcomes

Pursuit of the triple bottom line of economic, community and ecological sustainability has increased the complexity of fishery management; fisheries assessments require new types of data and analysis to guide science-based policy in addition to traditional biological information and modeling. We introduce the Fishery Performance Indicators (FPIs), a broadly applicable and flexible tool for assessing performance in individual fisheries, and for establishing cross-sectional links between enabling conditions, management strategies and triple bottom line outcomes. Conceptually separating measures of performance, the FPIs use 68 individual outcome metrics—coded on a 1 to 5 scale based on expert assessment to facilitate application to data poor fisheries and sectors—that can be partitioned into sector-based or triple-bottom-line sustainability-based interpretative indicators. Variation among outcomes is explained with 54 similarly structured metrics of inputs, management approaches and enabling conditions. Using 61 initial fishery case studies drawn from industrial and developing countries around the world, we demonstrate the inferential importance of tracking economic and community outcomes, in addition to resource status

Market Interactions in Aquaculture

During the last two decades there has been a tremendous growth in the production of intensively farmed fish. This growth has been accompanied by a substantial reduction in prices. As this enhances the competitiveness of farmed fish, concerns are often raised with respect to the market impact of new aquaculture species. Of particular interest is the relationship to wild species in the output market as well as in the input market because of the demand for feed. In this paper we investigate what we know about market interactions based on two simple market models, where the difference between the two models is whether the competing product is wild-caught seafood or a traditionally produced product

International fish trade and exchange rates: an application to the trade with salmon and fishmeal

International fish trade is growing, and fish exports represent an important source of foreign currency for many countries. For a few countries the exports are also an essential part of the economy. We revisit the seminal paper of Richardson (1978) that addresses the issue of exchange rate pass-through in commodity markets, but in a multivariate cointegration framework. The multivariate cointegration framework allows us to test common assumptions like exchange rate pass-through, leading price, central markets, and exogeneity of exchange rates. This approach is particularly suited when studying markets for primary products. We provide empirical examples using salmon imports to Japan and fish meal exports from Peru to Germany.

Market Interactions in Aquaculture

During the last two decades there has been a tremendous growth in the production of intensively farmed fish. This growth has been accompanied by a substantial reduction in prices. As this enhances the competitiveness of farmed fish, concerns are often raised with respect to the market impact of new aquaculture species. Of particular interest is the relationship to wild species in the output market as well as in the input market because of the demand for feed. In this paper we investigate what we know about market interactions based on two simple market models, where the difference between the two models is whether the competing product is wild-caught seafood or a traditionally produced product.Aquaculture, market interaction, fishmeal trap, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing,

International fish trade and exchange rates: an application to the trade with salmon and fishmeal

International fish trade is growing, and fish exports represent an important source of foreign currency for many countries. For a few countries the exports are also an essential part of the economy. We revisit the seminal paper of Richardson (1978) that addresses the issue of exchange rate pass-through in commodity markets, but in a multivariate cointegration framework. The multivariate cointegration framework allows us to test common assumptions like exchange rate pass-through, leading price, central markets, and exogeneity of exchange rates. This approach is particularly suited when studying markets for primary products. We provide empirical examples using salmon imports to Japan and fish meal exports from Peru to Germany.