2,505 research outputs found
Polynomial manipulator AP-168
Linear Systems Design Evaluation Program, AP-168 combines the many different analysis techniques used to evaluate and manipulate polynomials. The single program is a pseudo instruction abstraction. It allows the user to enter polynomials of the laplace operators and to manipulate them freely
The Improbability of Positivism
Ronald Dworkin’s contributions to legal philosophy have been subject to severe criticism in recent years. Other legal philosophers call his arguments “deflected or discredited,” laced with “philosophical confusions,” and “deeply embedded” mistakes. As Brian Leiter writes, “[t]he only good news in the story about Dworkin’s impact on law and philosophy is that most of the field declined to follow the Dworkinian path . . . .”
This Article endeavors to show that, far from an effort beset with primitive errors, Dworkin’s challenge to legal positivism in the opening pages of his seminal work was neither misguided nor trivial. Rather, Dworkin’s challenge remains as important and thought-provoking today as it was when he first set it down. His challenge, though straightforward, has never been satisfactorily answered. Rather than grapple with Dworkin’s argument, legal philosophers have either misunderstood or trivialized his insights in the decades since. But there is a reason H.L.A. Hart, one of Dworkin’s examiners at Oxford, saved his jurisprudence examination before ever having reason to believe that Dworkin would become the primary opponent to legal positivism. Hart’s challenge—the argument from theoretical disagreement—still burns bright nearly a quarter-century on.
Furthermore, this Article seeks to explain why legal positivism’s inability to preserve the face value of theoretical disagreement makes it improbable that legal positivism offers an adequate descriptive account of the nature of law. It also endeavors to outline why this deficiency is so immensely important. To accept the legitimacy of theoretical disagreement is accept that to know what the law is one must know something about the moral and political culture in which that law resides
Lignotselluloosse biomassi biokeemilist koostist mõjutavad tegurid ning biokeemilise koostise mõju eeltöötlusmeetodi valikule ja bioetanooli tootlikkusele
European Union has set a target of reaching 20% share of renewable energy in the overall energy
production for the year 2020. This also includes that 10% of fuel used in transportation sector has to
be produced from renewable resources. From different liquid biofuels, production of lignocellulosic
bioethanol is emerging as a preferred option for transportation sector.
In order to avoid the conflict between food versus fuel for lignocellulosic bioethanol production from
available raw materials in Estonia, attention has to be turned towards utilization of agricultural
residues, currently out of use agricultural land and to the utilization of biomass from semi-natural
grasslands.
This doctoral thesis focused on the investigation of the most suitable herbaceous biomass types and
pretreatment methods for the utilization of lignocellulosic material for second generation bioethanol
production in order to help to reach the target of 10% share of biofuels in transportation sector by
2020.
By taking into account the ethanol yield, biomass yield and biomass availability, we can consider that
the most suitable crops for bioethanol production in Estonia are Amur silver grass, hemp, wheat straw
and floodplain meadow hay.
In order to reach higher bioethanol production efficiencies at temperatures under 190°C, a new
pretreatment method: “Nitrogen explosion pretreatment method for disruption of cellular structure of
biomass” was developed in this work. N2 explosion pretreatment should be used in situations where
moderate pretreatment conditions (130–190°C) are needed due to material or technological
restrictions.
If available biomass of wheat straw and floodplain meadow hay together with biomass of Amur silver
grass and industrial hemp produced from unused agricultural lands would be used to produce
bioethanol, it would make an annual bioethanol production of 149 100 tons (105 800 toe), which could
replace 39.7% of gasoline consumption or up to 11.3% of overall liquid fuel consumption in Estonian
transportation sector.Euroopa Liit on seadnud eesmärgiks saavutada aastaks 2020 energiatootmises vähemalt 20%-ne
taastuvenergia osakaal. Sealhulgas peab vähemalt 10% transpordisektoris kasutatud kütustest olema
toodetud taastuvatest ressurssidest.
Hoidmaks ära konflikti toidu- ja kütusetootmise vahel, tuleks kütusena kasutatava bioetanooli
tootmiseks kasutada ainult põllumajanduses tekkivaid kõrvalsaadusi ja jäätmeid, poollooduslikelt
rohumaadelt kogutud biomassi ning energiakultuure, mille kasvatamiseks võetakse kasutusse hetkel
kasutusest väljas olevaid põllumaid.
Töös uuriti Eesti klimaatilistes oludes kasvavate energiakultuuride ja poollooduslike rohumaade
taimekoosluste potentsiaali bioetanooli tootmiseks, et kaasa aidata Eesti taastuvenergia eesmärkide
täitmisele. Tulemustest selgus, et analüüsitud energiakultuuridest on suurima bioetanooli tootlikkusega
nisupõhk, kiukanep, Amuuri siidpööris ja poollooduslikelt rohumaadelt kogutud biomass.
Suurema bioetanooli tootlikkuse saavutamiseks eeltöötlemise temperatuuridel alla 190°C arendati
doktoritöö käigus välja uudne biomassi eeltöötlusmeetod: „Lämmastiklõhkamismeetod biomassi
rakustruktuuri lõhkumiseks“ (patenditaotlus P201400050), mis sobib kasutamiseks olukordades, kus
materjali või tehnoloogiliste piirangute tõttu ei saa biomassi töötlemiseks kasutada kõrgeid
temperatuure.
Kui saadaolev nisupõhk ja poollooduslike rohumaade biomass rakendada bioetanooli tootmiseks ning
lisaks võtta kasutusse osa aktiivsest kasutusest väljasolevatest põllumajandusmaadest Amuuri
siidpöörise ja tööstusliku kanepi kasvatamiseks, siis vastavalt katsetulemustele oleks Eestis võimalik
toota aastas ligikaudu 149 100 tonni bioetanooli (105 800 toe), mis võiks asendada 39.7% bensiini
tarbimisest või kuni 11.3% üleüldisest vedelkütuste tarbimisest Eesti transpordisektoris
Avoiding Apostrophe Errors (not Error’s)
https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2022/1003/thumbnail.jp
-ic or -ical: When Suffixes Are Problematic (Problematical?)
https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2021/1002/thumbnail.jp
Legal Agreement
This Article grapples with the question of what it means to agree about what the law is. First, it shows that the question of what it means to “agree about the law” invites us to consider many different kinds of agreement and disagreement we might have about what the law is. Second, it shows that without selecting one of these kinds of agreement, we cannot speak intelligibly about whether we agree or disagree. Third, it explains that this failure to choose is a source of much confusion and apparent disagreement between competing philosophers and philosophies of law. Fourth, it argues that the presence or absence of at least certain kinds of agreement cannot tell us whether we should prefer Legal Positivism or other theories of law. Finally, it concludes that the pervasive reliance among Positivists on a generalized notion that there exists “massive agreement” about the law should be regarded skeptically
Should You Have Used “Would Have” or “Would Of”?
https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2022/1017/thumbnail.jp
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