On the Connectivity of Token Graphs of Trees

Let $k$ and $n$ be integers such that $1\leq k \leq n-1$, and let $G$ be a simple graph of order $n$. The $k$-token graph $F_k(G)$ of $G$ is the graph whose vertices are the $k$-subsets of $V(G)$, where two vertices are adjacent in $F_k(G)$ whenever their symmetric difference is an edge of $G$. In this paper we show that if $G$ is a tree, then the connectivity of $F_k(G)$ is equal to the minimum degree of $F_k(G)$

Búsqueda de partículas de larga vida en el LHC

ABSTRACT: Given an observation of the Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Run 1, a detailed study has been conducted on its properties, with numerous searches for new particles, resulting in no evidence of new Physics or significant deviations to predictions of the Standard Model (SM). Nonetheless, and despite the great success of the SM to describe an enormous range of physical phenomena; diverse theoretical considerations, such as challenges with SM to explain the mass of the Higgs boson taking into consideration its quantum corrections (hierarchy problem) motivate the search for Physics beyond the SM both by way of Run 2 LHC data analysis and of Run 3 in the period of high luminosity of the LHC. In this context, it is important to propose that the absence of evidence of Physics beyond the SM can be explained due to the fact that it manifests in way of less common signatures in the LHC, being one of the most attractive options its materialization by way of new displaced particles. The objective of this research is to study this type of searches where long lived particles disintegrate, opening the way to pairs of charged and displaced leptons (muons and electrons). The paper will focus on an ongoing advanced analysis of this type, which includes all Run 2 data of the LHC in the CMS experiment, with the purpose to explore the improvement of these searches in diverse situations. Diverse options can be explored: optimizations for signals with displacement not excessively preeminent, improvement of the efficiency of signal reconstruction or improvement of background estimations. The aspects in which this comes into play will depend primarily in the cumulative experience of research development at the start of the final Master project.RESUMEN: Desde la observación del bosón de Higgs con una masa de 125 GeV en el Run 1 del Large Hadron Collider (LHC) se han estudiado en detalle sus propiedades y se han llevado a cabo numerosas búsquedas de nuevas partículas, sin encontrarse evidencias de nueva Física ni desviaciones significativas a las predicciones del Modelo Estándar (ME). Sin embargo y a pesar del enorme éxito del ME para describir un enorme rango de fenómenos físicos, diversas consideraciones teóricas, tales como los problemas del ME para explicar la masa del bosón de Higgs teniendo en cuenta las correcciones cuánticas a la misma (problema de jerarquía), motivan la búsqueda de Física más allá del ME tanto mediante el análisis de datos del Run 2 del LHC como en el futuro Run 3 y en el período de alta luminosidad del LHC. En este contexto, es importante plantearse que la ausencia de evidencias de Física más allá del Modelo Estándar puede deberse a que ésta se manifiesta en forma de signaturas menos habituales del LHC, siendo uno de las opciones más atractivas su materialización en forma de nuevas partículas desplazadas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es el estudio de este tipo de búsquedas donde las partículas de larga vida media se desintegran dando lugar a pares de leptones cargados (muones y electrones) desplazados. El trabajo se basará en un análisis en marcha y avanzado de este tipo, el cual emplea el total de datos del Run 2 del LHC en el experimento CMS, para explorar la mejora de estas búsquedas en diversas situaciones.Diversas opciones pueden ser exploradas: optimizaciones para señales con desplazamiento no excesivamente prominente,mejora de la eficiencia de reconstrucción de señales, o mejoras en la estimación de fondos. Los aspectos en los que se incidirá principalmente dependerán de la experiencia acumulada en el trabajo en desarrollo de inicio del proyecto de fin de MásterMáster en Física de Partículas y del Cosmo

Inquiring EFL teacher educators’ beliefs regarding interculturality in two undergraduate English language teaching programs in Colombia.

Esta tesis de maestría presenta un proyecto de investigación cualitativa y descriptiva cuyo objetivo fue analizar cómo se reflejan las creencias con respecto a la interculturalidad en las prácticas de enseñanza de los educadores de docentes de inglés como lengua extranjera. El estudio de investigación se desarrolló con 6 participantes -educadores de docentes- de dos programas de pregrado de enseñanza de inglés en dos universidades públicas de Colombia. El proceso de recolección de datos se llevó a cabo a través de tres instrumentos: cuestionarios en línea, entrevistas semiestructuradas y notas de campo. El análisis de los datos permitió la identificación de cuatro grupos de creencias: la interculturalidad como conocimiento; la interculturalidad y la competencia comunicativa; el desarrollo de la interculturalidad a través de la inmersión y / o contacto directo con la cultura extranjera y; la interculturalidad como un medio para tratar con la otredad. Al final, se concluyó que estas creencias se ven reflejadas en los temas que los formadores de docentes incluyen en sus lecciones y, como consecuencia, en los materiales y actividades que seleccionan y desarrollan con sus estudiantes también, así como en la forma en que abordan las discusiones resultantes de estos procesos. Además, en la forma en que tratan con la otredad no solo relacionada con el idioma de destino sino dentro de sus aulas.Magister en Enseñanza de Lenguas ExtranjerasMaestríaThis master thesis presents a qualitative and descriptive research project whose aim was to analyze how EFL teacher educators’ beliefs regarding interculturality are reflected on their teaching practices. The research study was developed with 6 participants -teacher educators- from two undergraduate English language teaching programs in two public universities in Colombia. The data collection process was conducted through three instruments: online questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and field notes. The analysis of data allowed the identification of four groups of beliefs: interculturality as knowledge; interculturality and the communicative competence; interculturality’s development through immersion in and/or direct contact to the foreign culture and; interculturality as a means for dealing with otherness. It was concluded that these beliefs are reflected on the topics that teacher educators include in their lessons, consequently on the materials and activities they select and develop with their students, as well as on the way they approach the resulting discussions from these processes. Moreover, on the way they deal with otherness not only related to the target language but within their classrooms

Race and Health Disparities Among Seniors in Urban Areas in Brazil

White seniors report better health than Black seniors in urban areas in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This is the case even after controlling for baseline health conditions and several demographic, socio-economic and family support characteristics. Furthermore, adjusted racial disparities in self-reported health are larger than the disparities found using alternative measures of functional health. Our empirical research in this paper suggests that the two most important factors driving racial disparities in health among seniors (in our sample) are historical differences in rural living conditions and current income. Present economic conditions are more relevant to racial disparities among poor seniors than among rich seniors. Moreover, racial differences in health not attributable to observable characteristics are more important when comparing individuals in the upper half of the income distribution.

Strive and Struggle: Documenting the Civil Rights Movement at Cal Poly, 1967-1975

“Strive and Struggle: Documenting the Civil Rights Movement at Cal Poly, 1967-1975,” pays tribute to the students, administration, and national civil rights leaders that brought about lasting changes to Cal Poly. In collaboration with University Archives, Kennedy Library staff, Graphic Design student assistants, and History Department graduate students, the exhibition is presented through the pages of the campus newspaper, the Mustang Daily, and explores campus reactions, struggles and triumphs during the Civil Rights years, as well as the efforts to establish Ethnic Studies courses, recruit Black faculty, and combat racial prejudice on campus. Though the peak of the Civil Rights Era fell between 1955 and 1968, as Myrlie Evers indicated, the struggle continued long after this period. The exhibit focuses on the height of the Civil Rights Movement on the Cal Poly campus during these latter years. The exhibit also highlights national Black leaders who visited Cal Poly’s campus during this period. Visitors included political leaders, sports legends, comedians, musicians, educators, and civil rights activists. These men and women shared their experiences combating racism, encouraged cooperation, and discouraged apathy. “We must continue to strive and struggle for equality no matter how tired or successful we are ourselves, to help all our brothers and sisters... we must pick up and finish the work that others have died for trying to get our rights.” -- Myrlie Evers, African American Activist, as quoted during her campus visit on Jan. 8, 1973. The Mustang Daily, Cal Pol

Where We Stand: 1975-2011

Where We Stand is an extension of the 2009 exhibit Strive & Struggle: Documenting the Civil Rights Movement at Cal Poly, 1967 – 1975 and similarly draws from Mustang Daily articles, student club documents, and oral accounts to construct a brief history of African American advocacy on the Cal Poly campus from the Civil Rights Movement to the present day. The exhibit documents the roles that student and faculty organizations played in building awareness of issues of diversity and identity on campus. Assessing their efforts reveals both what has changed since 1975 and what remains to be addressed on the Cal Poly campus. The Black Student Union, fraternities and sororities, faculty groups, the Society of Black Engineers & Scientists, and the Multicultural Center served as catalysts for student empowerment. These organizations promoted African American culture and diversity on campus at a grassroots level and established a community for black students at Cal Poly. Despite difficulties in obtaining both members and recognition from the student population, these organizations remain relevant and are crucial to campus efforts to reach a shared understanding of issues of race and diversity

Cooperative learning on the promotion of oral production

Un mundo competitivo como el de hoy, exige tener unas bases firmes y claras en el idioma Inglés ya que este se ha convertido en una lengua franca que permite a los hablantes comunicarse con otras nacionalidades. Por esta razón es necesario articular en las aulas de clase métodos contemporáneos como trabajo cooperativo que ayude a los estudiantes a hablar inglés. Este proyecto de clase analizó el impacto del trabajo cooperativo, implementando dos métodos: el sabio y resolver problemas en grado primero en la escuela Jorge Eliecer Gaitán, con el fin de ayudar a los estudiantes a desarrollar la parte hablada del inglés. Los resultados evidenciados en la escuela mostraron que los niños y niñas de grado primero tienen dificultades trabajando en grupos y necesitan la presencia del profesor para mantener la disciplina y el uso del inglés.A competitive world as today`s demands good English speaking skills since English has become a lingua franca that facilitates communication among speakers from all over the world. That’s why, it is necessary to articulate in the classroom contemporary approaches like cooperative work to help learners to speak in English. This classroom project analyzed the impact of cooperative work through the implementation of two methods such as: circle the sage and problem solving tasks in first graders at the Jorge Eliecer Gaitan School in order to help them to develop oral English skills. The results showed that at the school first graders had difficulties working in groups and needed the presence of the teacher to maintain discipline and the use of the target language. Also, in order to get learners engaged, the material needed to be creative and meaningful. Modeling constituted the utmost pattern in this project since students could speak. When the educator modeled the language, learners were expected to produce it, and this was evidenced in the fact that students were able to say a few things in English properly

On the Automorphism Group of Token Graphs of Complete Bipartite Graphs and Cartesian Products of Connected Graphs

Let $G$ be a graph of order $n$ and let $k\in \{1,2,\ldots,n-1\}$. The $k$-token graph of $G$ is the graph, $F_k(G)$, whose vertices are all the $k$-subsets of vertices of $G$, where two such $k$-sets are adjacent whenever their symmetric difference is an edge of $G$. In this paper we determine the automorphism group of $F_k(K_{m,n})$. We also give a lower bound on the size of the automorphism group of $F_k(G)$, when $G$ is a non-prime (with respect to the Cartesian product) connected graph, and show that this bound is tight for the $r$-cube

Tackling the Bullies in Academe

Severely hurtful and undermining behavior is on the increase at university campuses, partly due to the widespread jealousy and competition that is naturally prevalent in higher education. This interactive workshop will provide strategies for chairs who have to deal with difficult faculty, but it will also point out ways to create a departmental atmosphere of civility and collegiality in which bullies cannot thrive. We will use case studies to analyze realistic scenarios that can later be used by chairpersons to encourage discussions on plans of action and solutions in their home departments