The Biogeochemistry of Pu and U: Distribution of Radionuclides Affected by Micro-Organisms and Their Siderophores, Reductants, and Exopolymers

Investigations to date focused on studying the dissolution of oxides and desorption of metals by the siderophore, Desferrioxamine B (DFB), with different metal ions adsorbed onto the solids. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to probe the surface structural environment of sorbed metal ions. Results indicated that while DFB effectively dissolved iron oxides with different adsorbed metals, this process was also affected by the type of the metal adsorbed. For pure hematite, samples with adsorbed metals had less dissolved Fe by DFB than the one without. Different type of metal ion seemed to have no significant effects on Fe dissolution under these experimental conditions. This result suggested that while adsorbed metals blocked available surface sites on hematite surfaces for DFB causing less Fe release, Fe dissolution by DFB from the well crystalline structure of hematite was not affected by the adsorbed metal ions

Estudio de la formación de hidróxidos de europio por medio de espectroscopía de fluorescencia.

La configuración electrónica del europio (Eu) presenta características que lo hacen muy apropiado para el estudio mediante técnicas espectroscópicas especialmente la de fluorescencia. El espectro de emisión del ion Eu(III) presenta diferentes bandas a diferentes transiciones electrónicas. Las transiciones 5 Do 7 F 1 (? = 585-600) y 5 Do – 7 F 2 (? = 610-630) presentan líneas intensas en el espectro del Eu(III) en solución. La transición 5 Do – 7 F 2 denominada hipersensitiva es de especial importancia ya que es fácilmente alterada por los cambios que ocurren alrededor del ión. El parámetro ? ( I 5Do 7F1 / I 5Do - 7F2 ) que define la relación de intensidades entre la banda no sensitiva y la hipersensitiva permite caracterizar las propiedades físicas y químicas de los complejos y provee información sobre su simetría. Cuando se estudian procesos de adsorción del ion Eu(III) en un sólido, la identificación espectroscópica de estos hidróxidos es importante, porque de esta forma se ayuda a caracterizar las diferentes especies del ion en las diferentes fases. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar mediante el uso de la espectroscopía de fluorescencia, los diferentes hidróxidos de Eu(III) formados a condiciones que pueden ser esperadas en los procesos de absorción. El estudio de fluorescencia mostró que la hidrólisis de Eu(III) empieza a valores de pH más altos que 6. A valores ? 6 no se observaron diferencias en los espectros. La formación de compuestos debido a la hidrólisis implica que la posición de la banda hipersensitiva sea trasladada a longitudes de onda menores ( energías más altas) y en la presencia de carbonatos ambas bandas se manifiestan a longitudes de onda aún menores y el parámetro ? incrementa su valor.

Atrazine fate processes in a constructed emergent marsh: 1998research updates

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The photophysical behavior of conjugated polymers used in modern optoelectronic devices is strongly influenced by their structural dynamics and conformational heterogeneity, both of which are dependent on solvent properties. Single molecule studies of these polymer systems embedded in a host matrix have proven to be very powerful to investigate the fundamental fluorescent properties. However, such studies lack the possibility of examining the relationship between conformational dynamics and photophysical response in solution, which is the phase from which films for devices are deposited. By developing a synthetic strategy to incorporate a biotin moiety as a surface attachment point at one end of a polyalkylthiophene, we immobilize it, enabling us to make the first single molecule fluorescence measurements of conjugated polymers for long periods of time in solution. We identify fluctuation patterns in the fluorescence signal that can be rationalized in terms of photobleaching and stochastic transitions to reversible dark states. Moreover, by using the advantages of solution-based imaging, we demonstrate that the addition of oxygen scavengers improves optical stability by significantly decreasing the photobleaching rates.<br/

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Tropical Data: Approach and Methodology as Applied to Trachoma Prevalence Surveys

PURPOSE: Population-based prevalence surveys are essential for decision-making on interventions to achieve trachoma elimination as a public health problem. This paper outlines the methodologies of Tropical Data, which supports work to undertake those surveys. METHODS: Tropical Data is a consortium of partners that supports health ministries worldwide to conduct globally standardised prevalence surveys that conform to World Health Organization recommendations. Founding principles are health ministry ownership, partnership and collaboration, and quality assurance and quality control at every step of the survey process. Support covers survey planning, survey design, training, electronic data collection and fieldwork, and data management, analysis and dissemination. Methods are adapted to meet local context and needs. Customisations, operational research and integration of other diseases into routine trachoma surveys have also been supported. RESULTS: Between 29th February 2016 and 24th April 2023, 3373 trachoma surveys across 50 countries have been supported, resulting in 10,818,502 people being examined for trachoma. CONCLUSION: This health ministry-led, standardised approach, with support from the start to the end of the survey process, has helped all trachoma elimination stakeholders to know where interventions are needed, where interventions can be stopped, and when elimination as a public health problem has been achieved. Flexibility to meet specific country contexts, adaptation to changes in global guidance and adjustments in response to user feedback have facilitated innovation in evidence-based methodologies, and supported health ministries to strive for global disease control targets

IMMOBILIZATION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE HANFORD VADOSE ZONE BY INCORPORATION IN SOLID PHASES

We propose to investigate (1) the effect of aging on the stability of sorption complexes on Al-oxide and Al-oxyhydroxide surfaces formed from neutralization and homogeneous nucleation of alkaline aluminate solutions; (2) the sorption/coprecipitation of these elements in solids formed from reaction of alkaline aluminate solutions with simple systems of representative minerals and mineral coatings found in the soils and sediments underlying the Hanford Tank Farm (e.g., quartz, feldspars, biotite, muscovite, chlorite,clay mineral, augite, hornblende, ilmenite, magnetite, hematite, Fe(III)- oxyhydroxides, and Mn(IV)-(hydr)oxides); and (3) the sorption/coprecipitation of these elements in solids formed from reaction of alkaline aluminate solutions with soil and sediment samples obtained from the Hanford site. (4) To couple these laboratory studies to precipitation processes occurring in the Hanford vadose zone beneath the Tank Farm, we also propose to characterize the particle coatings and precipitate phases in core samples from this zone. These investigations will utilize X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, electron and X-ray microprobe analyses, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other characterization studies of the speciation and spatial distribution of the these ions in several model systems chosen to simulate the natural systems

Immobilization of Radionuclides in The Hanford Vadose Zone by Incorporation in Solid Phases

The objective of this study was to examine the homogeneous and heterogeneous reduction of Cr(VI) by dissolved Fe(II) and Fe(II)-containing minerals under conditions thought to be indicative of HLW fluids (high pH, high ionic strength and high temperature). Many investigators have reported the homogeneous reduction of Cr(VI) by dissolved FE(ii), but less information is available for Ph values &gt; 8. The first part of this effort evaluated the ability of dissolved Fe(II) to reduce dissolved Cr(VI) in hyperalkaline solutions

Contaminant Organic Complexes: Their Structure and Energetics in Surface Decontamination

The Department of Energy has a goal of decontaminating an estimated 180,000 metric tons of metal wastes in various surplus facilities. Uranium (U) and other radioactive actinides and lanthanides are embedded within the mixed oxide structures of the passivity layers of corroded iron and steel. These toxic metals can be dissolved out of the surface layers by a naturally occurring bacterial siderophore called Desferrioxamine B (DFB). DFB is a trihydroxamate ligand with one amine and three hydroxamate groups, which chelates with metals through hydroxamate coordination. Complexation of DFB with U can be utilized in decontamination strategy of the passivity layers. Therefore, we have been studying reactions of uranyl U(VI) with zerovalent iron (Fe0) followed by dissolution by DFB. The objectives were to determine the structure and speciation of solution and solid phases of U and to assess the effectiveness of DVB in U dissolution

Technical Report: Contaminant Organic Complexes: Their structure and energetics in surface decontamination

The Department of Energy has a goal of decontaminating an estimated 180,000 metric tons of metal wastes in various surplus facilities. Uranium (U) and other radioactive actinides and lanthanides are embedded within the mixed oxide structures of the passivity layers of corroded iron and steel. These toxic metals can be dissolved out of the surface layers by a naturally occurring bacterial siderophore called Desferrioxamine B (DFB). DFB is a trihydroxamate ligand with one amine (pK1 =10.89) and three hydroxamate groups (pK2 =9.70, pK3 =9.03, and pK4 =8.30), which chelates with metals through hydroxamate coordination. Complexation of DFB with U can be utilized in decontamination strategy of the passivity layers. Therefore, we have been studying reactions of uranyl U(VI) with zerovalent iron (Fe0) followed by dissolution by DFB. The objectives were to determine the structure and speciation of solution and solid phases of U and to assess the effectiveness of DFB in U dissolution