La Caja de Madrid en el siglo XIX: ¿Actividad asistencial o financiera?

Publicad

The eruption in Fagradalsfjall (2021, Iceland): how the operational monitoring and the volcanic hazard assessment contributed to its safe access

After more than a year of unrest, a small effusive eruption commenced in Fagradalsfjall, Iceland, on 19 March 2021. The eruption lasted six months. The first six weeks were characterized by multiple fissure openings, and the remainder was dominated by effusive activity from a single crater. During the eruption, lava and low-level gases propagated over the complex terrain: a hyaloclastite massif with mountain peaks up to about 350 m asl with valleys in between. The area is uninhabited, but easily accessible at about 30 km distance from Reykjavík. While the eruption was ongoing, more than 356,000 tourists visited the eruptive site. To maintain low risk access to the area, it was critical to monitor the eruption (including opening of new fissures) in real-time, forecast the transport of gas and lava flow emplacement, and assess the evolving hazards. In addition to data accessibility and interpretation, managing this volcanic crisis was possible thanks to strong collaboration between the scientific institutions and civil protection agencies. The eruption presented an opportunity to tune, test and validate a variety of numerical models for hazard assessment as well as to refine and improve the delivery of information to the general public, communities living near the eruption site and decision makers. The monitoring team worked long hours during both the pre- and syn-eruptive phases for identifying low risk access areas to the eruption site and to provide a regular flow of information. This paper reviews the eruption and its associated hazards. It also provides an overview of the monitoring setup, the adopted numerical tools and communication materials disseminated to the general public regarding current exclusion zones, hazards and possible future eruptive scenarios.International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO

Volcanic plume height monitoring using calibrated web cameras at the Icelandic Meteorological Office: system overview and first application during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption

This research was funded by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) under the Joint Finance Agreement with the Icelandic Meteorological Office, for working paper JS.212.WP.2054The Icelandic Meteorological Office maintains a national network of webcams designed and built in house for environmental monitoring. During the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption these cameras, along with a temporary near-field network of commercial cameras installed by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management, were used to estimate the height of the SO2 plume and lava fountain. Here we present the webcam designs, the techniques used to calibrate them, and the messaging system and web interface that allow near real time measurements to be made from the images. With this system we were able to make estimates of heights with an accuracy on the order of tens to a few hundreds of meters with a lag typically of five to ten minutes at up to ten minute intervals when weather conditions were favorable. The plume heights were then used to constrain the performance of the SO2 dispersion model used for air quality forecasts while fountain heights were used to delineate danger zones where visitors at the eruption site were in danger of being hit by ballistic clasts.Icelandic Meteorological OfficeInternational Civil Aviation Organizatio

Satellite derived SO2emissions from the relatively low-intensity, effusive 2021 eruption of Fagradalsfjall, Iceland

In March 2021 an effusive eruption began at the Fagradalsfjall volcanic system in Iceland, ending nearly 800 years of dormancy on the Reykjanes peninsula. The eruption produced lava flows and moderate gas emissions and, although it did not cause significant disruption, highlighted the need for near real-time monitoring of volcanic activity on the peninsula for future eruptions. The activity passed through several phases, each characterised by a different eruption style, providing a rich testbed for monitoring methodologies. We present measurements of the volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission rate and injection altitude throughout the eruption, generated by combining satellite SO2imagery from TROPOMI with PlumeTraj, a back-trajectory analysis toolkit. We compare the results with ground-based measurements of the emission rate and plume altitude, finding excellent agreement in the plume altitude. Reasonable agreement was also found between the measured emission rates, with the best match for stronger and more continuous emissions. This demonstrates the ability for PlumeTraj to monitor SO2emissions from future effusive eruptions, while highlighting the need for care when analysing results from low altitude plumes or during periods of high cloud cover.UK Natural Environment Re-search Council (NERC)V-PLUS (NE/S004106/1)Dis-Eqm (NE/N018575/1) projectsCentre for Observation and Modelling of EarthquakesVolcanoes, and Tectonics (COMET)ESA S5P MPC (grant no. 4000117151/16/I-LG)ESA S5P PAL (https://data -portal .s5p -pal .com/)Belgium Prodex TRACE-S5P (grant no. PEA 5 4000105598) projectsThe TROPOMI COBRA SO2product can be obtained through the S5P PAL data porta

"Ráfagas de una campaña" (1962). Un texto recuperado de José-Miguel Ullán

During summer 1962, a 17-years old José-Miguel Ullán took part in a Literacy Campaign organized by the University Service of Labour (Servicio Universitario del Trabajo, SUT), integrated in the Spanish University Union (Sindicato Español Universitario, SEU). He worked and lived together with the people of El Almendral, a very small village next to the town of Zafarraya, in the province of Granada. Shortly after his arrival, he began to write a series of short articles, or “bursts”, sharing his impressions and experiences were published in the local newspapers Ideal during July and August 1962. These juvenile texts, the first ones known to have been signed by the author, remained lost inside the pages of a provincial daily and had never been cited when studying the works and evolution of Ullán, who then became a renowned poet from Salamanca. This paper focuses on its recovery and analysis.En el verano de 1962 José-Miguel Ullán, con 17 años, participó en una Campaña de Alfabetización que el Servicio Universitario de Trabajo (SUT), dependiente del Sindicato Español Universitario (SEU), realizó en la provincia de Granada. Trabajó y convivió con los vecinos de El Almendral, un pequeño núcleo de población anejo al municipio de Zafarraya y al poco de llegar comenzó a escribir unos breves artículos o «ráfagas» contando sus impresiones y experiencias, que fue publicando el diario granadino Ideal durante los meses de julio y agosto. Nunca se habían citado dichos textos juveniles, perdidos en las páginas de un periódico provincial, al estudiar la obra del poeta salmantino, los primeros conservados, cuya recuperación y análisis se realiza en este trabajo

Fields and functions of school counselor for educational improvement in high school in challenger contexts. A cross looks between school counselors and head teachers

En los centros de Educación Secundaria en España existen orientadores escolares. Se encargan tanto de la orientación educativa como de la promoción y apoyo al desarrollo de diferentes programas educativos. Pueden actuar como colegas críticos en el liderazgo y en la mejora de la escuela. Así como asesores y agentes clave para la mejora de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El artículo que describe esta realidad desde los relatos de experiencia de orientadores y directivos que trabajan en contextos desafiantes. Presenta los resultados de un estudio multi-caso, utilizando un enfoque biográfico-narrativo, mediante entrevistas en profundidad para hacer emerger su teoría fundamentada. El estudio concluye que, bajo determinadas circunstancias, los orientadores pueden desempeñar el rol de colega crítico y agente de mejora, siempre en coordinación con el líder y en colaboración con el profesorado.In secondary schools in Spain there are school counselors. They are in charge of both educational counseling and the promotion and support of different educational programs. They can act as critical friend in leadership and school improvement; and advisers and key players to improve the teaching and learning processes. The article describes this reality from the experience stories of counselors and managers working in challenging contexts. It presents the results of a multi-case study, using a biographical-narrative approach, through in-depth interviews to emerge its grounded theory. The study concludes that, under certain circumstances, school counselors can play the role of critical colleague and improvement agent, always in coordination with the leader and in collaboration with the teachers.Universidad de Granada. Departamento de Didáctica y Organización Escolar. Grupo FORCE (HUM-386

Toward Knowledge Extraction in Classification of Volcano-Seismic Events: Visualizing Hidden States in Recurrent Neural Networks

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank the Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica for providing us with the Decepction Island dataset and invaluable geophysical insight.Understanding how deep hierarchical models build their knowledge is a key issue in the usage of artificial intelligence to interpret the reality behind data. Depending on the discipline and models used, such knowledge may be represented in ways that are more or less intelligible for humans, limiting further improvements on the performance of the existing models. In order to delve into the characterization and modeling of volcano-seismic signals, this article emphasizes the idea of deciphering what and how recurrent neural networks (RNNs) model, and how this knowledge can be used to improve data interpretation.The key to accomplishing these objectives is both analyzing the hidden state dynamics associated with their hidden units as well as pruning/trimming based on the specialization of neurons. In this article, we process, analyze, and visualize the hidden states activation maps of two RNN architectures when managing different types of volcano-seismic events. As a result, the class-dependent discriminative behavior of most active neurons is analyzed, thereby increasing the comprehension of the detection and classification tasks. Arepresentative dataset fromthe deception island volcano (Antarctica), containing volcano-tectonic earthquakes, long period events, volcanic tremors, and hybrid events, is used to train the models. Experimental analysis shows how neural activity and its associated specialization skills change depending on the architecture chosen and the type of event analyzed.MINECO under Grant PID2019-106260GB-I00 FEMALEFEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento/ Proyecto A-TIC-215- UGR18

Addressing Profiles of Systemic Inflammation Across the Different Clinical Phenotypes of Acutely Decompensated Cirrhosis

ACLF; Acute decompensation; CirrhosisInsuficiencia hepática aguda sobre crónica; Descompensación aguda; CirrosisInsuficiència hepàtica aguda sobre crònica; Descompensació aguda; CirrosiBackground: Patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis (AD) may or may not develop acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). ACLF is characterized by high-grade systemic inflammation, organ failures (OF) and high short-term mortality. Although patients with AD cirrhosis exhibit distinct clinical phenotypes at baseline, they have low short-term mortality, unless ACLF develops during follow-up. Because little is known about the association of profile of systemic inflammation with clinical phenotypes of patients with AD cirrhosis, we aimed to investigate a battery of markers of systemic inflammation in these patients. Methods: Upon hospital admission baseline plasma levels of 15 markers (cytokines, chemokines, and oxidized albumin) were measured in 40 healthy controls, 39 compensated cirrhosis, 342 AD cirrhosis, and 161 ACLF. According to EASL-CLIF criteria, AD cirrhosis was divided into three distinct clinical phenotypes (AD-1: Creatinine<1.5, no HE, no OF; AD-2: creatinine 1.5-2, and or HE grade I/II, no OF; AD-3: Creatinine<1.5, no HE, non-renal OF). Results: Most markers were slightly abnormal in compensated cirrhosis, but markedly increased in AD. Patients with ACLF exhibited the largest number of abnormal markers, indicating "full-blown" systemic inflammation (all markers). AD-patients exhibited distinct systemic inflammation profiles across three different clinical phenotypes. In each phenotype, activation of systemic inflammation was only partial (30% of the markers). Mortality related to each clinical AD-phenotype was significantly lower than mortality associated with ACLF (p < 0.0001 by gray test). Among AD-patients baseline systemic inflammation (especially IL-8, IL-6, IL-1ra, HNA2 independently associated) was more intense in those who had poor 28-day outcomes (ACLF, death) than those who did not experience these outcomes. Conclusions: Although AD-patients exhibit distinct profiles of systemic inflammation depending on their clinical phenotypes, all these patients have only partial activation of systemic inflammation. However, those with the most extended baseline systemic inflammation had the highest the risk of ACLF development and death

Multi-station volcano tectonic earthquake monitoring based on transfer learning

This study was partially supported by the Spanish FEMALE (PID 2019-106260GB-I00) and PROOF-FOREVER (EUR2022.134044) projects. This work has been partially supported by the project EUR 2022-134044 founded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 in the framework PROYECTOS "EUROPA EXCELENCIA" 2022, CORRESPONDIENTES AL PROGRAMA ESTATAL PARA AFRONTAR LAS PRIORIDADES DE NUESTRO ENTORNO, SUBPROGRAMA ESTATAL DE INTERNACIONALIZACION, DEL PLAN ESTATAL DE INVESTIGACION CIENTIFICA, TECNICA Y DE INNOVACION PARA EL PERIODO 2021-2023, EN EL MARCO DEL PLAN DE RECUPERACION TRANSFORMACION Y RESILIENCIAthe. English language editing was performed by Tornillo Scientific.Introduction: Developing reliable seismic catalogs for volcanoes is essential for investigating underlying volcanic structures. However, owing to the complexity and heterogeneity of volcanic environments, seismic signals are strongly affected by seismic attenuation, which modifies the seismic waveforms and their spectral content observed at different seismic stations. As a consequence, the ability to properly discriminate incoming information is compromised. To address this issue, multi-station operational frameworks that allow unequivocal real-time management of large volumes of volcano seismic data are needed.Methods: In this study, we developed a multi-station volcano tectonic earthquake monitoring approach based on transfer learning techniques. We applied two machine learning systems-a recurrent neural network based on long short-term memory cells (RNN-LSTM) and a temporal convolutional network (TCN)-both trained with a master dataset and catalogue belonging to Deception Island volcano (Antarctica), as blind-recognizers to a new volcanic environment (Mount Bezymianny, Kamchatka; 6 months of data collected from June to December 2017, including periods of quiescence and eruption).Results and discussion: When the systems were re-trained under a multi correlation-based approach (i.e., only seismic traces detected at the same time at different seismic stations were selected), the performances of the systems improved substantially. We found that the RNN-based system offered the most reliable recognition by excluding low confidence detections for seismic traces (i.e., those that were only partially similar to those of the baseline). In contrast, the TCN-based network was capable of detecting a greater number of events; however, many of those events were only partially similar to the master events of the baseline. Together, these two approaches offer complementary tools for volcano monitoring. Moreover, we found that our approach had a number of advantages over the classical short time average over long time-average (STA/LTA) algorithm. In particular, the systems automatically detect VTs in a seismic trace without searching for optimal parameter settings, which makes it a portable, scalable, and economical tool with relatively low computational cost. Moreover, besides obtaining a preliminary seismic catalog, it offers information on the confidence of the detected events. Finally, our approach provides a useful tentative label for subsequent analysis carried out by a human operator. Ultimately, this study contributes a new framework for rapid and easy volcano monitoring based on temporal changes in monitored seismic signals.Spanish FEMALE project PID 2019-106260GB-I00Spanish PROOF-FOREVER project EUR2022.134044MCIN/AEI EUR 2022-13404