The Functions of Role Models in the Leadership Orientation of Women

The present study investigates the role models of high leadership-oriented individuals by asking whether such role models function as aspiration for women and as emulation for men. We also examine both within-gender ..

Possible Solutions to the Challenges of Domestic Water Pricing for Mandalay City

This paper focuses on the possible solutions to the challenges of domestic water pricing in Mandalay City. The current water pricing of Mandalay City is necessary to reform as they cannot cover the operation and maintenance cost of the supply system and cannot expand the water network to the unconnected households. For reforming water pricing, the challenges of domestic water pricing for Mandalay City are identified as eight major challenges based on previous study. For reforming water price, questionnaire survey is done to 286 households from six townships of Mandalay City to know the willingness to pay (WTP) of consumers and price elasticity of domestic water demand is evaluated by using mid-point formula. To solve the challenges of water infrastructure deterioration, public-private- people-partnership (4P) is proposed as one of possible solutions for financial efficiency of the supply system. For reducing non-revenue water (NRW), field survey is done in Daewon ward of Mandalay City as a pilot area to investigate the causes of water losses and then possible solutions are proposed. The possible solutions for remaining six challenges are proposed by studying the secondary academic sources such as papers, journals, and books. In this paper, eight numbers of possible solutions are proposed for the challenges of domestic water pricing in Mandalay City

Les pratiques funéraires de la fin du Néolithique à l’âge du Bronze de la partie centrale du Myanmar (c. 1300-500 cal BC) : définitions et évolutions

En Asie du Sud-est continentale, la fin de la préhistoire est surtout définie à travers l’étude des sites funéraires. Les données disponibles jusqu’à présent concernent presque essentiellement la partie sud et est de la péninsule indochinoise, représentée par le Viet Nam et la Thaïlande. Le Myanmar pâtit d’un état de la recherche beaucoup moins favorable. Pourtant son emplacement est crucial. Il est le seul territoire d’Asie du Sud-est à partager des frontières terrestres avec l’Inde et la Ch..

Development of Leucaena Mimosine-Degrading Bacteria in the Rumen of Sheep in Myanmar

Myanmar has an agricultural base, and about 70% of people reside in rural areas. They depend for survival on agriculture and small-scale crop production, with ruminant livestock consuming fibrous agricultural residues. For optimal ruminant production, concentrates are needed as supplements to these residues. As concentrates are expensive, researchers are testing alternative protein sources like legumes, including foliage from leguminous trees such as leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). Leucaena is the most widely used leguminous tree as a ruminant feed because it is rich in protein (~ 22%) and contains easily digestible fibre (23% neutral detergent fibre, 16.6% acid detergent fibre; Ni Ni Maw 2004). Khin Htay Myint (2005) noted that 25% of leucaena in the ration tended to increase nitrogen retention without decreasing dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. However, leucaena leaves contain a toxic non-protein amino acid, called mimosine. Research workers have endeavoured to reduce mimosine toxicity in animals fed leucaena in Myanmar (Aung Aung 2007, Wink Phyo Thu 2010) and one avenue of research was the development of mimosine-degrading bacteria in the rumen of sheep fed leucaena. In this paper we describe an experiment tracing the development of mimosine-degrading bacteria in the rumen of sheep

Effect of leucaena forage and silage substitution in concentrates on digestibility, nitrogen utilization and milk yield in dairy cows

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding leucaena forage and silage substitution in concentrate on the performances of dairy cows. Nine cross-bred Holstein Friesian cows (410±12kg) in the 12th week of lactation were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups with three replicates/treatments in a completely randomized design. The three treatments were control diet without substitution of leucaena forage and silage (DLFS0), diet with substitution of leucaena forage 10% (DLF10) and diet with substitution of leucaena silage 10% (DLS10). Cows were fed treatments for 60 days. Although nutrient intakes were not significantly different (p>0.05) each other, digestibility of DLFS0 was significantly higher (p<0.05) than others. Conversely, nitrogen utilization and average milk yield of cows offered DLFS0 were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of cows fed on DLF10 and DLS10. The highest feed cost (p<0.05) per kg of milk was found in DLFS0 and the lowest cost was observed in DLF10. Therefore, although the leucana forage and silage could be substitute up to 10% of concentrates without adverse effects on the performances of dairy cows, the substitution of leucaena forage gave the better performances than that of leucaena silage

MERCURY AND ARSENIC CONTAMINATION FROM SMALL SCALE GOLD MINING ACTIVITIES AT SELOGIRI AREA, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA

Small scale gold mines discussed here are located at Selogiri area, Central Java, Indonesia which was mined by local community mainly during gold rush in 1990s. This Selogiri gold deposit genetically is characterized by porphyry mineralization overprinted by epithermal system. The ore minerals assemblage consists of pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, chalcocite and rare arsenopyrite. Chemical analysis of soil and stream sediment sampled over 1.5 km across at the Selogiri gold extraction site indicates that the site has been contaminated with mercury due to mining activities. The mercury concentrations in soil and stream sediments collected during dry season range from 0.01 to 481 ppm and 0.01 to 139 ppm, respectively, higher than background value of 0.05 ppm. In contrast, mercury concentration in stream sediments collected during rainy season from the same location as dry season sampling ranges from 0.01 to 13.42 ppm, and one sample has anomalous value of 331 ppm. This result show that rain water may disperse and decrease mercury concentration in stream sediments. In case of arsenic, although the ore contains rare arsenic minerals, arsenic concentration in bulk rock and ore is high ranging from 8 to 59 ppm, while the arsenic concentration in tailing is much higher ranging from 5.8 to 385 ppm. Chemical analyses on pyrite reveal that the pyrite grains contain arsenic and might be the source of arsenic in Selogiri mine site. However, analysis of dug-well water demonstrates that the mercury and arsenic content is still lower than the maximum allowable concentration. Keywords: Mercury, arsenic, contamination, Selogiri, gold min

Epidemiological survey on porcine cysticercosis in Nay Pyi Taw Area,

Cross-sectional surveys were conducted to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs within Nay Pyi Taw area, Myanmar. Meat inspection in three slaughterhouses, ELISA test, and questionnaire surveys were conducted in this study. Three hundred pigs were inspected in slaughterhouses and 364 pigs were randomly selected and examined from 203 households from three townships in Nay Pyi Taw area. The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in meat inspection was 23.67% (71/300). Seroprevalence of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs in the study area was 15.93% (58/364). Significant associated risk factors with T. solium cysticercosis were gender (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.7-5.4), increased age (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.2-4.2), husbandry system (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 2.4-11.2), feed type (OR = 16.9; 95% CI = 2.3-124.3), not using anthelmintics in pigs (OR = 11.9; 95% CI = 5.0-28.5), not using anthelmintics in owner (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.4-4.4), no hand-washing before feeding (OR = 31.5; 95% CI = 4.3-230.9), and pork consumption of owner (OR = 37.4; 95% CI = 9.0-156.1) in the study area. This is the first report of porcine cysticercosis in Myanmar

The State of Interventional Radiology in Myanmar: A National Report

Purpose: Radiology global outreach programs have increased in recent years but progressed more slowly than other specialties. Establishing radiology services is increasingly recognized as a priority in resource-limited settings. Myanmar has a tremendous disease burden that is treatable with interventional radiology (IR) techniques, and aims to grow and effectively integrate this service into its public healthcare sector. Through collaborations between Asia Pacific Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology (APSCVIR) and Myanmar Radiological Society (MRS), the field of IR has grown exponentially over recent years. This study aims to provide a Myanmar national IR report on the current trends and future challenges. Methods and materials: Descriptive variables across five domains (facility and equipment, workforce, supplies, infrastructure, and casemix) from the four public sector hospitals with IR capability were obtained between 2016-2019. The four hospitals were Yangon General Hospital (YGH), Yangon Specialty Hospital (YSH), Mandalay General Hospital (MGH), and Defense Services General Hospital (DSGH). Data were analyzed to demonstrate progress in IR and the differing casemix. Results: There are currently four IR-capable hospitals and nine interventional radiologists across Myanmar’s public healthcare sector. IR case volumes tripled from 514 cases in 2016 to more than 1,500 cases in 2019. The three most common procedures performed were trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE, 63%), bronchial arterial embolization (BAE, 7.7%), and drainages (7.7%). Significant challenges to the growth and adoption of IR services span the domains of infrastructure, equipment and supplies, workforce, and IR awareness, among other clinical specialties. Conclusion: Myanmar’s healthcare priorities, coupled with international radiological outreach programs, have led to rapid growth of IR. The exponential growth in case volumes is promising for Myanmar and other developing countries. But to widen the scope of practice and integrate the service within local clinical workflows, a holistic effort that addresses multiple domains is needed in the future

Enhanced melioidosis surveillance in patients attending four tertiary hospitals in Yangon, Myanmar.

Abstract To investigate the current epidemiology of melioidosis in Yangon, Myanmar, between June 2017 and May 2019 we conducted enhanced surveillance for melioidosis in four tertiary hospitals in Yangon, where the disease was first discovered in 1911. Oxidase-positive Gram-negative rods were obtained from the microbiology laboratories and further analysed at the Department of Medical Research. Analysis included culture on Ashdown agar, the three disc sensitivity test (gentamicin, colistin and co-amoxiclav), latex agglutination, API 20 NE, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and a subset underwent molecular confirmation with a Burkholderia pseudomallei specific assay. Twenty one of 364 isolates (5.7%) were confirmed as B. pseudomallei and were mostly susceptible to the antibiotics used in standard therapy for melioidosis. Ten patients were from Yangon Region, nine were from Ayeyarwaddy region, and one each was from Kayin and Rakhine States. A history of soil contact was given by seven patients, five had diabetes mellitus and one had renal insufficiency. The patients presented with septicaemia (12 cases), pneumonia (three cases), urinary tract infection (two cases) and wound infection (four cases). Eighteen patients survived to hospital discharge. This study highlights the likelihood that melioidosis may be far more common, but underdiagnosed, in more rural parts of Myanmar as in other countries in SE Asia.</jats:p