41 research outputs found
Zeeman deceleration of electron-impact-excited metastable helium atoms
We present experimental results that demonstrate - for the first time - the
Zeeman deceleration of helium atoms in the metastable 2^3S_1state. A more than
40% decrease of the kinetic energy of the beam is achieved for deceleration
from 490 m/s to a final velocity of 370 m/s. Metastable atom generation is
achieved with an electron-impact-excitation source whose performance is
enhanced through an additional discharge-type process which we characterize in
detail. Comparison of deceleration data at different electron beam pulse
durations confirms that a matching between the initial particle distribution
and the phase-space acceptance of the decelerator is crucial for the production
of a decelerated packet with a well-defined velocity distribution. The
experimental findings are in good agreement with three-dimensional numerical
particle trajectory simulations
Model for the overall phase-space acceptance in a Zeeman decelerator
We present a new formalism to calculate phase-space acceptance in a Zeeman
decelerator. Using parameters closely mimicking previous Zeeman deceleration
experiments, this approach reveals a hitherto unconsidered velocity dependence
of the phase stability which we ascribe to the finite rise and fall times of
the current pulses that generate the magnetic fields inside the deceleration
coils. It is shown that changing the current switch-off times as the sequence
progresses, so as to maintain a constant mean acceleration per pulse, can lead
to a constant phase stability and hence a beam with well-defined
characteristics. We also find that the time overlap between fields of adjacent
coils has an influence on the phase-space acceptance. Previous theoretical and
experimental results suggested unfilled regions in phase space that influence
particle transmission through the decelerator. Our model provides, for the
first time, a means to directly identify the origin of these effects due to
coupling between longitudinal and transverse dynamics. Since optimum phase
stability is restricted to a rather small parameter range in terms of the
reduced position of the synchronous particle, only a limited range of final
velocities can be attained using a given number of coils. We evaluate phase
stability for different Zeeman deceleration sequences, and, by comparison with
numerical three-dimensional particle trajectory simulations, we demonstrate
that our model provides a valuable tool to find optimum parameter sets for
improved Zeeman deceleration schemes. An acceleration-deceleration scheme is
shown to be a useful approach to generating beams with well-defined properties
for variable-energy collision experiments. More generally, the model provides
significant physical insights applicable to other types of particle
decelerators with finite rise and fall time fields
A compact design for a magnetic synchrotron to store beams of hydrogen atoms
We present a design for an atomic synchrotron consisting of 40 hybrid
magnetic hexapole lenses arranged in a circle. We show that for realistic
parameters, hydrogen atoms with a velocity up to 600 m/s can be stored in a
1-meter diameter ring, which implies that the atoms can be injected in the ring
directly from a pulsed supersonic beam source. This ring can be used to study
collisions between stored hydrogen atoms and molecular beams of many different
atoms and molecules. The advantage of using a synchrotron is two-fold: (i) the
collision partners move in the same direction as the stored atoms, resulting in
a small relative velocity and thus a low collision energy, and (ii) by storing
atoms for many round-trips, the sensitivity to collisions is enhanced by a
factor of 100-1000. In the proposed ring, the cross-sections for collisions
between hydrogen, the most abundant atom in the universe, with any atom or
molecule that can be put in a beam, including He, H, CO, ammonia and OH can
be measured at energies below 100 K. We discuss the possibility to use optical
transitions to load hydrogen atoms into the ring without influencing the atoms
that are already stored. In this way it will be possible to reach high
densities of stored hydrogen atoms.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure
Getting a Grip on the Transverse Motion in a Zeeman Decelerator
Zeeman deceleration is an experimental technique in which inhomogeneous,
time-dependent magnetic fields generated inside an array of solenoid coils are
used to manipulate the velocity of a supersonic beam. A 12-stage Zeeman
decelerator has been built and characterized using hydrogen atoms as a test
system. The instrument has several original features including the possibility
to replace each deceleration coil individually. In this article, we give a
detailed description of the experimental setup, and illustrate its performance.
We demonstrate that the overall acceptance in a Zeeman decelerator can be
significantly increased with only minor changes to the setup itself. This is
achieved by applying a rather low, anti-parallel magnetic field in one of the
solenoid coils that forms a temporally varying quadrupole field, and improves
particle confinement in the transverse direction. The results are reproduced by
three-dimensional numerical particle trajectory simulations thus allowing for a
rigorous analysis of the experimental data. The findings suggest the use of a
modified coil configuration to improve transverse focusing during the
deceleration process.Comment: accepted by J. Chem. Phy
Coulomb crystal mass spectrometry in a digital ion trap
We present a mass spectrometric technique for identifying the masses and relative abundances of Coulomb-crystallized ions held in a linear Paul trap. A digital radio-frequency wave form is employed to generate the trapping potential, as this can be cleanly switched off, and static dipolar fields are subsequently applied to the trap electrodes for ion ejection. Close to 100% detection efficiency is demonstrated for Ca+ and CaF+ ions from bicomponent Ca+ â CaF+ Coulomb crystals prepared by the reaction of Ca+ with CH3F. A quantitative linear relationship is observed between ion number and the corresponding integrated time-of-flight (TOF) peak, independent of the ionic species. The technique is applicable to a diverse range of multicomponent Coulomb crystalsâdemonstrated here for Ca+ â NH3+ â NH4+ and Ca+ â CaOH+ â CaOD+ crystalsâand will facilitate the measurement of ion-molecule reaction rates and branching ratios in complicated reaction systems
Measurement of the orientation of buffer-gas-cooled, electrostatically-guided ammonia molecules
AbstractThe extent to which the spatial orientation of internally and translationally cold ammonia molecules can be controlled as molecules pass out of a quadrupole guide and through different electric field regions is examined. Ammonia molecules are collisionally cooled in a buffer gas cell, and are subsequently guided by a three-bend electrostatic quadrupole into a detection chamber. The orientation of ammonia molecules is probed using (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI), with the laser polarisation axis aligned both parallel and perpendicular to the time-of-flight axis. Even with the presence of a near-zero field region, the ammonia REMPI spectra indicate some retention of orientation. Monte Carlo simulations propagating the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in a full basis set including the hyperfine interaction enable the orientation of ammonia molecules to be calculated â with respect to both the local field direction and a space-fixed axis â as the molecules pass through different electric field regions. The simulations indicate that the orientation of âŒ95% of ammonia molecules in JK=11 could be achieved with the application of a small bias voltage (17V) to the mesh separating the quadrupole and detection regions. Following the recent combination of the buffer gas cell and quadrupole guide apparatus with a linear Paul ion trap, this result could enable one to examine the influence of molecular orientation on ion-molecule reaction dynamics and kinetics
Inverse kinetic isotope effects in the charge transfer reactions of ammonia with rare gas ions
In the absence of experimental data, models of complex chemical environments rely on predicted reaction properties. Astrochemistry models, for example, typically adopt variants of capture theory to estimate the reactivity...</p
Using a direct simulation Monte Carlo approach to model collisions in a buffer gas cell
A direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is applied to model collisions between
He buffer gas atoms and ammonia molecules within a buffer gas cell. State-tostate
cross sections, calculated as a function of collision energy, enable the inelastic
collisions between He and NH3 to be considered explicitly. The inclusion of rotationalstate-changing
collisions affects the translational temperature of the beam, indicating
that elastic and inelastic processes should not be considered in isolation. The properties
of the cold molecular beam exiting the cell are examined as a function of the cell
parameters and operating conditions; the rotational and translational energy distributions
and are in accord with experimental measurements. The DSMC calculations
show that thermalisation occurs well within the typical 10-20 mm length of many
buffer gas cells, suggesting that shorter cells could be employed in many instances â
yielding a higher flux of cold molecules
Zeeman deceleration beyond periodic phase space stability
In Zeeman deceleration, time-varying spatially-inhomogeneous magnetic fields are used to create
packets of translationally cold, quantum-state-selected paramagnetic particles with a tuneable
forward velocity, which are ideal for cold reaction dynamics studies. Here, the covariance matrix
adaptation evolutionary strategy (CMA-ES) is adopted in order to optimise deceleration switching
sequences for the operation of a Zeeman decelerator. Using the optimised sequences, a 40%
increase in the number of decelerated particles is observed compared to standard sequences for
the same final velocity, imposing the same experimental boundary conditions. Furthermore, we
demonstrate that it is possible to remove up to 98% of the initial kinetic energy of particles in the
incoming beam, compared to the removal of a maximum of 83% of kinetic energy with standard
sequences. Three-dimensional particle trajectory simulations are employed to reproduce the experimental
results and to investigate differences in the deceleration mechanism adopted by standard
and optimised sequences. It is experimentally verified that the optimal solution uncovered by the
evolutionary algorithm is not merely a local optimisation of the experimental parameters { it is a
novel mode of operation that goes beyond the standard periodic phase stability approach typically
adopted