The viability of developing Maori leasehold land : the case of Part XXIII hill country leases in the Tairawhiti land district : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Economics at Massey University

This Thesis is concerned with assessing the extent of underutilization and reversion that has occurred on land leased under the provisions of Part XXIII of the 1953 Maori Affairs Act. It seeks to determine the constraints that exist to the development of Part XXIII leases. Further it attempts to find ways to overcome these constraints, that are compatible with the needs of the Maori people. Chapter One of this thesis discusses the reasons for this study. It outlines the objects of the study and reviews the design of research used to obtain these objects. Chapter Two deals with the selection of a sample of Part XXIII leases to be studied and assesses their relative states of development. Chapter Three describes the Tairawhiti Land District, the farm environment in which the lease sample exists. Chapter Four reviews the evolution of Maori Land Tenure and discusses the institutional and administrative problems that have resulted from changes in it. This chapter identifies 438/53 trusts and incorporations as modes of administration for Maori land that are more compatible, than Part XXIII of the 1953 Act, with the ancient ideals of the Maori people. Chapter Five identifies specific institutional, physical, financial and management factors that can constrain the development of Part XXIII leases. Chapter Six analyses the relationship between specific factors throught to constrain Part XXIII lease farm development and actual states of development on the sample leases. Chapter Seven draws conclusions on the analysis done in Chapter Six and makes recommendations on ways to promote the farm development of land presently leased under the provisions of Part XXIII of the 1953 Maori Affairs Act

Revision of Dadagulella gen. nov., the “Gulella radius group” (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae) of the eastern Afrotropics, including six new species and three new subspecies

The genus Dadagulella gen. nov. is described to include 16 species of small, dentate, ovateacuminate Afrotropical snails. An identification key is provided and biogeography, anatomy and systematics are discussed. The type species is the Kenyan D. radius (Preston, 1910) comb. nov., whose name has informally been used for part of the group in the past. Substantial intraspecific variation occurs in three species: D. radius itself, D. browni (van Bruggen, 1969) comb. nov. and D. minuscula (Morelet, 1877) comb. nov. (= Ennea fi scheriana Morelet, 1881) (non Gulella minuscula Emberton & Pearce, 2000) . We recognise subspecies within each of these: D.radius radius (Preston, 1910) comb. nov., D. r. calva (Connolly, 1922) comb. et stat. nov., D. browni browni (van Bruggen, 1969) comb. nov., D. b. mafi ensis subsp. nov., D. b. semulikiensis subsp. nov., D. minuscula minuscula (Morelet, 1877) comb. nov., D. m. mahorana subsp. nov. Six new Tanzanian species are described: D. cresswelli sp. nov., D. delta sp. nov., D. ecclesiola sp. nov., D. frontierarum sp. nov., D. minareta sp. nov., and D. pembensis sp. nov. The genus includes seven other previously described species: D. cuspidata (Verdcourt, 1962) comb. nov.; D. rondoensis (Verdcourt, 1994) comb. nov.; D. conoidea (Verdcourt, 1996) comb. nov.; D. selene (van Bruggen & Van Goethem, 1999) comb. nov.; D. meredithae (van Bruggen, 2000) comb. nov.; D. nictitans (Rowson & Lange, 2007) comb. nov.; and D. delgada (Muratov, 2010) comb. nov

Environmental Controls on the Spatial Distribution of Greenfin Darters and Biodiversity in the Blue Ridge Mountains

Disproportionate concentrations of biodiversity in mountains worldwide suggest linkages between geologic processes and biodiversity that are not yet well understood. The Tennessee River Basin in the Blue Ridge Mountains of the southeastern U.S. is a global hotspot for freshwater fish biodiversity. To investigate drivers of biodiversity in the Tennessee River Basin, and explore links to geologic processes, I study the Greenfin Darter (Nothonotus chlorobranchius), a small fish endemic to the upper Tennessee River Basin. I use generalized linear models (GLMs) to evaluate the influence of topography, lithology, climate and land use on the distribution of the Greenfin Darter, and find that slope, elevation, geologic age, soil erosion, temperature and pasture cover drive where Greenfin Darters live. Next, I conduct additional topographic and genomic analysis to examine the hypothesis that steps in topography, or knickpoints, isolate Greenfin Darters and lead to genetic divergence. I find tentative evidence that knickpoints may play a role in geographically isolating Greenfin Darter populations and causing allopatric speciation. Finally, I analyze spatial correlations between freshwater fish species richness and anthropogenic environmental impacts and find a weak negative correlation between Superfund sites and darter species richness in the southeastern U.S. These results highlight that the unique biodiversity of the Tennessee River Basin may be at risk from climate and land use change. Furthermore, these results suggest that topographic and lithologic variation may contribute to biodiversity by creating ecological niches and causing speciation, a starting point for understanding how geologic processes shape biodiversity and evolution in mountains globally

Competitive sport and personality development

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the possible effects there might be on the development of personality of boys aged twelve to fourteen years during their involvement in a highly competitive sports environment. The competitive group was composed of 106 boys who competed regularly in the Amateur Swimming Association's Age Group competition and were drawn from swimming clubs throughout N.E. England. Each competitor was matched with a boy in the non-competitive control group in terms of chronological and mental age, of social and educational background and in strength. Personality aspects were measured by Cattell's High School Personality Questionnaire and the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory, the tests being administered annually. The data was analysed by multiple discriminant analysis and analysis of variance techniques. Principal findings were that the total personality profile of the competitive group changed significantly (.01) relative to that of the control group. In terms of higher order personality factors the competitive group became more extrovert and were less anxious than the control group, there was no difference in Cortertia (cortical alertness) but the control group demonstrated a greater level of Independence. Subsidiary comparisons of the personality profile of competitors classified as being most and least successful revealed a significant discriminant function (.05) at the conclusion of the study. Univariate analyses of higher order factors did not reveal any significant differences between the groups. In comparisons between these groups and a group of boys who dropped out of competition no significant differences were found either in total personality profile or in higher order personality factors at twelve years of age. The results are discussed with reference to previous research in the field and conclusions are drawn regarding the desirability of competitive sport in an educational context

The Seed Industry In Zimbabwe

An AEE Working Paper on the seed industry of Zimbabwe.This paper was made possible through research funded by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation

Perspectives on implementing smoke-free prison policies in England and Wales

This paper explores prisoner and staff views of the current smoking policy in English and Welsh prisons (a partial ban permitting smoking in prison cells) and gauges perceptions of the implications of the forthcoming policy change which will see a total smoking ban within all parts of the institution. Five focus group discussions in one medium security male prison in England were undertaken. Three focus groups were undertaken with prisoners (both smokers and non-smokers) and two focus groups with staff. The findings suggest that smoking is embedded in the fabric of prison life and serves several functions, including alleviating anxiety in prisoners. The current smoking policy was perceived as being a fair policy that both supported smoking and non-smoking prisoners. There were concerns, however, that a total smoking ban would have adverse outcomes for prisoners and staff, including deleterious effects on mental health and the potential for violence. The paper concludes by suggesting that the incoming policy, which sees a total smoking ban in prisons, is laudable, but this research suggests that without careful implementation there may be adverse health and organisational outcomes

Further experiments with sodium fluosilicate as an insecticide

RESP-

ASME Design Competition - Group H

This document presents our solution for the ASME pick-and-place design competition. In brief, the challenge is to collect balls from an arena and return them to a ‘home base’. The specifics of the competition are elaborated on within. The document walks through the design decisions that went into the prototype; the Goalkeeper concept that we ultimately landed on best solved the problems presented by the challenge statement as interpreted by our customer, Dr. James Jackson Potter. Several of the design choices were made by applying mathematical relationships, with the math and results included to illuminate our methods. We include a computer-aided design model that was used to plan construction, and an analysis of the device taking into account certain user impairments. We determine that the device is safe, and largely risk-free for even highly impaired users. The final prototype is built out of plywood and PVC to minimize device weight. It has two drive motors and two servo actuators to enable the collection and deposition of the balls, powered by an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The operator uses a PlayStation 4 controller to remotely control the device, with a button assignment chosen to be intuitive to a firsttime user. Photographs of the prototype are included

First-Principles Investigation of Doping and Alloying of β-Ga2O3

β-Ga2O3 is an emergent semiconductor for power electronics applications. It has a wide band gap of 4.8 eV and is transparent on the whole spectrum of visible light up to deep ultraviolet. It has a high Baliga figure of merit (BFOM) — a weighted numerical combination of the dielectric constant, charge carrier mobility, and critical breakdown field —, which is commonly used for a quantitative comparison of semiconductors for high-current operation and power switching applications. β-Ga2O3 can be grown as thin films or as large single crystals by melt growth-techniques, which is important for scalable manufacturing. However, β-Ga2O3 suffers from a lack of p-type dopants and a low thermal conductivity. Presently, all applications are based on n-type β-Ga2O3; the introduction of p-type β-Ga2O3 would enable bipolar power devices. Additionally, high-power switching results in elevated temperatures where heat retention can impede electronic performance. The objective of this thesis is to investigate, using first-principles density-functional-theory calculations: (1) the efficiency of doping with Bi to raise the valence band of β-Ga2O3 to a level at which p-type doping is achievable, and (2) the possibility of improving the thermal properties of β-Ga2O3 by alloying with the lightest Group-13 cation, B. We find that doping with Bi creates mid-gap states derived from the Bi 6s electrons at similar energy level to candidate acceptors through an anti-bonding hybridization of the Bi lone pair with the O 2p states. The associated states are more dispersed than the pristine valence band, as they derive from the delocalized s-states of Bi rather than the p-states of highly electronegative O, which dominate the valence band. Our calculations indicate that these intermediate states are natively filled, and at an appropriate energy level to use a co-dopant like Mg, N, or even native Ga vacancies as p-type dopants. We explored several pathways to include B as an alloy in β-Ga2O3, including the high-entropy alloy (HEA) approach and a variety of ordered binary and ternary alloys. Despite these efforts, we do not find a stable alloy, since the small B atoms reject the octahedral and tetrahedral coordination of the cations in β-Ga2O3 in favor of a flat triangular coordination, as observed in B2O3. We conclude that B is likely insoluble in β-Ga2O3 at concentrations high enough to substantively improve its thermal conductivity