La industria de piezas y partes de madera en Chile y en la region del Maule

152 p.Este trabajo ha recopilado y ordenado antecedentes y estadísticas de la industria nacional y regional de piezas y partes de madera, con el objetivo de caracterizar el sector y determinar el grado de atractividad que este tiene desde el punto de vista de su estructura industrial. Para tal efecto se utilizó el modelo de las cinco fuerzas de Porter. Cabe destacar que a nivel nacional la información utilizada para determinar la atractividad de la industria, fue a través de fuentes secundarias, mientras que para el regional el análisis se base en los resultados de una encuesta aplicada a las 25 empresas de piezas y partes de madera más grandes de la Región del Maule. El análisis de la información recopilada de la industria nacional nos índice) que la industria presenta moderadas barreras de entrada, alta rivalidad entre competidores, alto poder de los proveedores, bajo poder de los compradores y baja disponibilidad de sustitutos. Se concluye que en la actualidad la industria presenta una moderada atractividad. La industria de piezas y partes de madera regional se ha dividido en dos sectores: envases y embalajes, y barracas. El análisis de los resultados de la encuesta aplicada a las 25 empresas mas grandes de la Región del Maule nos permitió obtener las siguientes conclusiones. En el sector de envases y embalajes existen moderadas barreras de entrada, moderada rivalidad entre competidores, bajo poder de los proveedores, bajo poder de los compradores y baja disponibilidad de sustitutos. Estas características hacen que el sector sea atractivo en el corto plazo. En el mediano a largo plazo la atractividad puede perderse debido a una probable mayor competitividad de los productos sustitutos envases de cartón y bins de plástico. En el sector de barracas existen moderadas barreras de entrada, moderada rivalidad entre competidores, alto poder de los proveedores, bajo poder de los compradores y alta disponibilidad de sustitutos. Estas características hacen que la industria sea moderadamente atractiva. En el mediano a largo plazo la madera debiera ser mejor apreciada como material de construcción (como en los países mas desarrollados) y la atractividad de esta industria debería aumentar

Polymorphisms in the Innate Immune IFIH1 Gene, Frequency of Enterovirus in Monthly Fecal Samples during Infancy, and Islet Autoimmunity

Interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) senses and initiates antiviral activity against enteroviruses. Genetic variants of IFIH1, one common and four rare SNPs have been associated with lower risk for type 1 diabetes. Our aim was to test whether these type 1 diabetes-associated IFIH1 polymorphisms are associated with the occurrence of enterovirus infection in the gut of healthy children, or influence the lack of association between gut enterovirus infection and islet autoimmunity

Maternal microchimerism in cord blood and risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes

Background Maternal microchimerism (MMc), the transmission of small quantities of maternal cells to the fetus, is relatively common and persistent. MMc has been detected with increased frequency in the circulation and pancreas of type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. We investigated for the first time whether MMc levels at birth predict future T1D risk. We also tested whether cord blood MMc predicted MMc in samples taken at T1D diagnosis. Methods Participants in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study were human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II typed to determine non‐inherited, non‐shared maternal alleles (NIMA). Droplet digital (dd) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays specific for common HLA class II NIMA (HLADQB1*03:01, *04:02, and *06:02/03) were developed and validated. MMc was estimated as maternal DNA quantity in the fetal circulation, by NIMA specific ddPCR, measured in cord blood DNA from 71 children who later developed T1D and 126 controls within the cohort. Results We found detectable quantities of MMc in 34/71 future T1D cases (48%) and 53/126 controls (42%) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68‐2.36), and no significant difference in ranks of MMc quantities between cases and controls (Mann‐Whitney P = .46). There was a possible association in the NIMA HLA‐DQB1*03:01 subgroup with later T1D (aOR 3.89, 95%CI 1.05‐14.4). MMc in cord blood was not significantly associated with MMc at T1D diagnosis. Conclusions Our findings did not support the hypothesis that the degree of MMc in cord blood predict T1D risk. The potential subgroup association with T1D risk should be replicated in a larger cohort

Standardized Classification of Aortic Arch Branching Patterns (SCAABP)

Objectives. To review current anatomical classifications for the aortic branching patterns and propose a method for standardized classification of Aortic Arch Branching Patterns (SCAABP). Methods. Through a three-stage Delphi method, expert vascular anatomists in morphology design SCAABP to report trunks, branches, and laterality of aortic arch branching patterns. Results. SCAABP is a classification that includes 7 parameters (Number of branches, and 6 types of branches [braquiocephalic trunk, common trunk, common carotid, subclavian artery, vertebral artery, and ectopic arteries]). It can integrate all reported branching patterns and allows the classification of new or unreported patterns. The classification allows standardization for future comparison of results, and improvement of evidence-based anatomy. Conclusions. SCAABP is a standardized method for classifying anatomical variants of the aortic arch. It is simple, clear, and contemplates new variants. All reported classifications can be integrated

International multicentre observational study to evaluate the association between perioperative red blood cell transfusions and 1-year mortality after major cancer surgery (ARCA-1) : Study design, statistical analysis plan and study protocol

Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Prenatal iron exposure and childhood type 1 diabetes

Acknowledgements: We are grateful to all the participating families in Norway who take part in this on-going cohort study. We thank Dr. Maria Vistnes at Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway for help with cytokine assays, PM Ueland and Ø Midttun at BEVITAL, Bergen, Norway, for neopterin and KTR assay, and Kathleen Gillespie at Bristol University, UK for confirmatory HLA genotyping. The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558), NIH/NINDS (grant no. 1 UO1 NS 047537-01 and grant no. 2 UO1 NS 047537-06A1). The sub-study was funded by a research grant from the Research Council of Norway. The Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry is financed by the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority. Dr London was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr Størdal was supported by an unrestricted grant from Oak Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Parental Smoking and Risk of Childhood-onset Type 1 Diabetes

Background: A few prospective studies suggest an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and lower risk of type 1 diabetes. However, the role of unmeasured confounding and misclassification remains unclear. Methods: We comprehensively evaluated whether maternal smoking in pregnancy predicts lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in two Scandinavian pregnancy cohorts (185,076 children; 689 cases) and a Norwegian register-based cohort (434,627 children; 692 cases). We measured cord blood cotinine as an objective marker of nicotine exposure during late pregnancy in 154 cases and 476 controls. We also examined paternal smoking during pregnancy, in addition to environmental tobacco smoke exposure the first 6 months of life, to clarify the role of characteristics of smokers in general. Results: In the pregnancy cohorts, maternal smoking beyond gestational week 12 was inversely associated with type 1 diabetes, pooled adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.66 (95% CI = 0.51, 0.85). Similarly, in the Norwegian register-based cohort, children of mothers who still smoked at the end of pregnancy had lower risk of type 1 diabetes, aHR 0.65 (95% CI = 0.47, 0.89). Cord blood cotinine >=30 nmol/L was also associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes, adjusted odds ratio 0.42 (95% CI = 0.17, 1.0). We observed no associations of paternal smoking during pregnancy, or environmental tobacco smoke exposure, with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. Conclusion: Maternal sustained smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower risk of type 1 diabetes in children. This sheds new light on the potential intrauterine environmental origins of the disease