Discurso Oficial sobre Familia y Paternidad en la China Post-1949

This paper aims to investigate three main research questions regarding the history of family and fatherhood in China since 1949: a) What 'ideal father' has the party-state sought to promote at different times? b) How consistent have official messages been? What have been the key shifts in official discourse on family and fatherhood since the Mao era? c) Why have these shifts occurred? Analysis of selected policy statements and print media reveal four main phases, with distinct findings in each. During the period of collectivization (1950s to 70s), the Communist Party of China (CPC) adopted the nationalist model of parenting. Fathers were explicitly suggested to devote themselves to economic development. During the period of de-collectivization (late 1970s to mid-1990s), CPC adopted an individualist model of parenting. There was increasing encouragement for father's participant in child education. During the period of marketization (mid 1990s to 2011), CPC promoted a state-supported model of parenting. Father's active participation in household duties was more expected. During the period of individualization (2012 to the present), China set up community model of parenting. Father's dual role of nurturer and provider is more emphasized.En el mundo moderno, el cambio político ha contribuido a la transformación de los roles de los padres y del discurso oficial relacionado con ello. Como muchos estudios sobre la paternidad se centran en contextos euroamericanos, hay una limitada literatura científica que explore el discurso chino relacionado con las dinámicas familiares y los roles de género, especialmente desde una perspectiva histórica. Este estudio, por lo tanto, explora el cambio en el retrato de la familia ideal y el rol del padre según el Partido Comunista, analizando los medios de comunicación de masas de 1949 en adelante. Se revelaron cuatro fases clave en el discurso oficial sobre familia y paternidad: durante el periodo de colectivización, dominó un modelo nacionalista, incitando a los padres a dedicarse al desarrollo económico; durante el periodo postmaoista de decolectivización, se promovió un modelo de paternidad individualista, animando a una mayor involucración íntima en la educación de los hijos; durante el periodo de mercantilización de mitad de los años 1990, se promovió un modelo de paternidad apoyado por el estado, concebiendo una participación más activa de los padres en las tareas domésticas. Finalmente, durante el periodo de individulización a principio del siglo XXI, se promovió un “modelo comunitario” de paternidad, enfatizando el rol dual del padre como cuidador y proveedor. Mientras que el discurso estatal se enfrentó superficialmente a las actitudes tradicionales patriarcales, el desafío a esas actitudes sigue siendo débil, y las suposiciones de que la familia y el cuidado de los niños son esencialmente “el reino femenino” siguen atrincheradas

Environmental attitudes and impacts of privatization on R&D, environment and welfare in a mixed duopoly

We introduce the environmental attitudes of the public firm into a polluting mixed duopoly and then examine the effects of privatization on the environmental R&D (ER&D), the environmental quality and the social welfare. The government levies an exogenous environmental tax on pollution and both firms adopt the cleaner production technology to reduce emissions. We mainly find that, when the public firm cares less about the environment, privatization can induce both firms’ ER&D and better the environment. However, the opposite may appear when the public firm cares much for the environment. In addition, whether privatization improves or reduces the social welfare in the case of high marginal environmental damage depends on the environmental attitudes of the public firm and the environmental tax rates

Partial passive ownership holdings and R&D risk choices in a differentiated duopoly

This study investigates the R&D risk choices in a differentiated duopoly, in which a firm has partial passive ownership holdings (P.P.O.s) in its rival. Firms perform R&D projects with identical expected outcomes but different risk degrees. It mainly finds that: (1) the P.P.O.s make both firms more willing to take R&D risks; (2) compared with the firm which owns a share of its rival, its partially owned rival is more willing to take R&D risks; (3) for both firms, their private incentive for R&D risk is lower than the social incentive. However, the P.P.O.s may make the private optimum closer to the social optimum

Hsa_circ_0026344 suppresses gastric cancer progression via modulating the miR-1290/FBP2 axis

Background. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of noncoding RNAs and play important roles in tumorigenesis, including gastric cancer (GC). However, the functions of most circRNAs remain poorly understood. In our study, we mainly learn the influence of hsa_circ_0026344 (circ_0026344) in GC progression. Methods. Circ_0026344, miR-1290 and Fructose1,6-bisphosphatase 2 (FBP2) expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were detected by colony formation, 5-ethynyl2’-deoxyuridine (EdU), and transwell assays, respectively. The interaction between circ_0026344 and miR-1290 complex was evaluated by RNA pull-down assay. The interaction of miR-1290 with circ_0026344 or FBP2 was detected using dual-luciferase reporter assay. A xenograft model was established to determine the effect of circ_0026344 on GC tumor growth in vivo. Results. Circ_0026344 expression was dramatically decreased in GC cells and tissues. Circ_0026344 overexpression inhibited GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. MiR-1290 was predicted as a target of circ_0026344 and miR-1290 overexpression attenuated the anti-tumor effect of circ_0026344 on GC cells. Furthermore, we predicted FBP2 as the target of miR1290. FBP2 knockdown reversed the effects of circ_0026344 knockdown on GC cell malignant behaviors. Functional analysis showed that circ_0026344 upregulated FBP2 expression via miR1290. Additionally, in vivo studies demonstrated that circ_0026344 suppressed GC tumor progression. Conclusion. In conclusion, circ_0026344 inhibited GC cell proliferation via the miR-1290/FBP2 axis, which might provide a new therapeutic target for GC patients

Combating Fiber Nonlinearity Using Dual-Order Raman Amplification and OPC

We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time, a significant 34-dB nonlinear product power compensation in a mid-link optical phase conjugation (OPC) system using an optimized dual-order distributed Raman amplification (DRA) technique. The dual-order backward (BW)-pumping scheme shows a record signal power symmetry of 97% over 50.4-km single-mode fiber (SMF) spans. We also demonstrate that the required accuracy for span-to-span power alignment is within ±1 dB in order to maintain 20-dB nonlinear product compensation. For a 256-Gb/s dual-polarization-16 QAM transmission over 100.8 km (2×50.4 km) SMF with mid-link OPC, the proposed Raman amplification scheme enables the OPC to improve the nonlinear threshold by 7 dB and the optimum signal launch power by 5 dB compared with the system without OPC

Syntheses and luminescent properties of a series of new lanthanide azelates

A series of new lanthanide azelates [Ln(aze)(Haze)(H2O)]·H2O {Ln = La (1a), Ce (1b), Pr (1c); H2aze = azelaic acid}, [Ln2(aze)3(phen)2]·H2O [Ln = Nd (2a), Er (2b); phen = 1,10-phenanthroline], [Sm(aze)(Haze)(phen)]·2H2O (3), [Gd(aze)(phen)2]·ClO4 (4) and (Hphen)[Tb2(aze)2(phen)4]·3ClO4 (5) were hydrothermally prepared and structurally characterized.1a-c are isostructural and show 3-D framework based on 1-D infinite [Ln-O-Ln]n chain. 2a-b exhibit sql layer, while 3 displays 1-D chain, where phen ligands locate at both sides of the chain. The Ln3+ ions of 4 and 5 are connected by aze2− into two different types of rare cationic 1-D chains. The luminescent investigations show that both 2a and 2b exhibit interesting NIR luminescence and 5 displays a good potentiality as a luminescent sensor targeted for Fe3+ ion. Of particular interest, lanthanide azelates have not been to date documented, while this work presents the only examples of lanthanide azelates exhibiting luminescent properties. The magnetic properties of some lanthanide azelates were also investigated.publishe