45 research outputs found

    Single Bead Affinity Detection (SINBAD) for the Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions

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    We present a miniaturized pull-down method for the detection of protein-protein interactions using standard affinity chromatography reagents. Binding events between different proteins, which are color-coded with quantum dots (QDs), are visualized on single affinity chromatography beads by fluorescence microscopy. The use of QDs for single molecule detection allows the simultaneous analysis of multiple protein-protein binding events and reduces the amount of time and material needed to perform a pull-down experiment

    Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

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    The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

    Cell cycle dependent differences in nuclear pore complex assembly

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    In metazoa, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) assemble from disassembled precursors into a reforming nuclear envelope (NE) at the end of mitosis, and into growing intact NEs during interphase. Whether there are differences in the mechanism of NPC assembly in these two scenarios is a long standing question in the field that has not been addressed. Experiments described in this dissertation, show that ELYS, a nucleoporin critical for the recruitment of the essential Nup107/160 complex to chromatin, is crucial for NPC assembly at the end of mitosis, but is not required in interphase. Conversely, the transmembrane nucleoporin POM121 is critical for the incorporation of the Nup107/160 complex into new assembly sites specifically during interphase and plays a role in fusing the two leaflets of the NE. We show that in contrast to post-mitosis, where the Nup107/160 complex is targeted to chromatin via ELYS, during interphase this NPC sub-complex assembles at sites of forming pores. These results indicate that, in organisms with open mitosis, NPCs assemble by two distinct mechanisms to accommodate cell cycle-dependent differences in NE topolog

    NUCLEAR ENVELOPE AND GENOME INTERACTIONS IN CELL FATE

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    The eukaryotic cell nucleus houses an organism’s genome and is the location within the cell, where all signaling-induced and development-driven gene expression programs are ultimately specified. The genome is enclosed and separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope (NE), a double-lipid membrane bilayer, which contains a large variety of trans-membrane and associated protein complexes. In recent years, research regarding multiple aspects of the cell nucleus points to a highly dynamic and coordinated concert of efforts between chromatin and the NE in regulation of gene expression. Details of how this concert is orchestrated and how it directs cell differentiation and disease are coming to light at a rapid pace. Here we review existing and emerging concepts of how interactions between the genome and the NE may contribute to tissue-specific gene expression programs to determine cell fate

    Amblyaspis tatika Awad & Krogmann & Talamas 2023, comb. nov.

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    Amblyaspis tatika (Szabó, 1977), comb. nov. (Fig. 5D) Trichacis tatika Szabó, 1977: 145 Type material examined. Holotype ♀, Tatika, 12 September 1952, Kaszab (HNHM). Molecular analysis. The ASAP analysis revealed that all 170 records from Europe were conspecific and formed a clade with high support (Supplemental File 2). These records came from Belarus, Bulgaria, England, Germany, Finland, and Norway. Worldwide DNA barcode data from BOLD and GBOL indicated the existence of 11 to 13 species of Trichacis based on partitioning. The best ASAP score indicated the presence of 11 species, while the maximum likelihood tree recovered 13 distinct clades that could be considered putative species. Of the 13 putative species on the tree, seven species were recorded only from Canada, two species from Canada and the USA, one from Tennessee, one from Florida, and one from Honduras. Backbone support was low, although the resulting tree places Isocybus as sister to Trichacis (Fig. 6).Published as part of Awad, Jessica, Krogmann, Lars & Talamas, Elijah, 2023, Illuminating a Dark Taxon: Revision of European Trichacis Förster (Hymenoptera Platygastridae) reveals a glut of synonyms, pp. 563-577 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on pages 573-574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/790672

    Trichacis tristis

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    <i>Trichacis tristis</i> (Nees, 1834) <p>(Figs 1A, B, E; 2A, B; 3; 4A–H; 5E–G)</p> <p> <i>Platygaster tristis</i> Nees, 1834: 302, 303 (neotype NHMW).</p> <p> <i>Platygaster didas</i> Walker, 1835: 240 (lectotype NMINH). <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Platygaster pisis</i> Walker, 1835: 239 (lectotype NMINH). <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Platygaster remulus</i> Walker, 1835: 239, 240 (lectotype NMINH). <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis didas</i> (Walker, 1835). Förster 1856: 115 (generic transfer).</p> <p> <i>Trichacis pisis</i> (Walker, 1835). Förster 1856: 115 (generic transfer).</p> <p> <i>Trichacis remulus</i> (Walker, 1835). Förster 1856: 115 (generic transfer).</p> <p> <i>Trichacis tristis</i> (Nees, 1834). Dalla Torre 1898: 480 (generic transfer).</p> <p> <i>Trichacis abdominalis</i> Thomson, 1859: 79 (holotype NHRS, missing from pin). <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis opaca</i> Thomson, 1859: 78, 79 (lectotype MZLU). Buhl & Notton 2009: 1700 (jr. syn. of <i>T. pisis</i>).</p> <p> <i>Trichacis illusor</i> Kieffer, 1916: 564. <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis illusor fusca</i> Kieffer, 1916: 565.</p> <p> <i>Trichacis illusor illusor</i> Kieffer, 1926: 713, 714, Fig 294.</p> <p> <i>Trichacis pulchricornis</i> Szelényi, 1953: 484, 485. <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis bidentiscutum</i> Szabó, 1981: 289, 290. <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis fusciala</i> Szabó, 1981: 289. <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis hajduica</i> Szabó, 1981: 288. <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis quadriclava</i> Szabó, 1981: 290. <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis nosferatus</i> Buhl, 1997: 97, Figs 13–16 (holotype ZMUN). <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis vitreus</i> Buhl, 1997: 96, Figs 9–12 (holotype NHMD). <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis weiperti</i> Buhl, 2019: 344, 345, Figs 9, 10 (holotype NME). <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <i>Trichacis persicus</i> Asadi & Buhl, 2021: 333–335, Fig. 1 (holotype HMIM). <b>Syn. nov.</b></p> <p> <b>Description.</b> Body length: 1.5–2.1 mm (n=10). Body color: dark brown to black. Antenna color: light brown to dark brown. Mandible color: light brown to dark brown. Leg color: yellow to dark brown. Coxa color: dark brown to black. Wing color: pale with brown markings basally, sometimes entirely pale. <b>Head.</b> Head shape: ovoid, slightly transverse. Sculpture of ocellar triangle: coriaceous. OOL:LOL: 1, or OOL slightly shorter than LOL. Mandibular sculpture: proximally striate. Mandibles: clasp-like, teeth equal in size. Sculpture of frons: smooth to coriaceous, sometimes with central keel indicated by a faint line. Number of epitorular striae: 5−7. Interantennal process: truncate. Clypeus: exposed, medial carina present below interantennal process. Ventral clypeal margin: straight. Number of clypeal setae: 8. Sculpture of gena: smooth along compound eye, sometimes faintly striate posteriorly; Hyperoccipital carina: present medially, attenuating laterally. Sculpture of vertex anterior to hyperoccipital carina: coriaceous to striate. Vertex posterior to hyperoccipital carina: slightly impressed medially, with whorled or striate sculpture. Occipital carina: incomplete, not extending ventrally to posterior articulation of the mandible. Setation of occiput: dense in ventral half. Projection on temples: absent. Distance between LO and HOC: 2 ocellar diameters.</p> <p> <b>Female antenna.</b> A1 length: not surpassing vertex of head. Number of clavomeres: 4. Claval formula: 1-1-1-1. <b>Male antenna.</b> A1 length: not surpassing vertex of head. A2–A5: cylindrical, A3 and A4 semi-appressed. Male sex segment (A4): not expanded, ventral portion flattened with minute longitudinal striae. A6–A10: cylindrical, setose, A10 longest. <b>Mesosoma.</b> Mesoscutum in lateral view: moderately arched. Antero-admedian line: present, faint. Notaulus: present, complete or nearly so. Sculpture of mesoscutum: reticulate-coriaceous, sometimes with smooth patches posteriorly. Setation of mesoscutum: moderate to dense, evenly or unevenly distributed. Parapsidal signum: indicated by a faint line. Cervical pronotal area: anteriorly smooth and glabrous.Shape of mesoscutum in lateral view: slightly flattened. Mesoscutellar setal patch: round to triangular, located in posterior half. Sculpture of mesopleuron: smooth, sometimes with very faint striae in dorsal half. Mesopleural carina: present anteriorly, incomplete. Fore wing length: surpassing metasoma. Fore wing marginal setae: very short, slightly longer on posterior distal margin. <b>Female metasoma.</b> Metasoma length: approximately as long as head and mesosoma combined. Setation of pits on anterior T2 present. Shape of T1: transverse. Sculpture of T1: medially striate, lateral aspect obscured by dense setation. Sculpture of T2: smooth with a few striae between anterior pits. Sculpture of T3–T6: finely punctate. Felt fields: short, densely to sparsely setose. Sculpture of S2: smooth or finely punctate. <b>Male metasoma.</b> Metasoma length: slightly shorter than head and mesosoma combined, otherwise similar to female.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Trichacis tristis</i> (Figs 2A, B; 3) does not have any autapomorphic structures to easily distinguish it among the world fauna. The relatively extensive setation and sculpturing of the posterior vertex and mesoscutum (Fig. 3B, E) set it apart from many species in the Western Hemisphere, but a thorough diagnosis must rely on a combination of characters. The following diagnosis uses characters from the keys of Masner (1983) and Arias-Penna <i>et al.</i> (2012): temples unarmed; mandibles clasped; clypeus with 8 setae; interantennal process truncate; scape not surpassing vertex; posterior vertex with whorled or striate sculpture medially; hyperoccipital carina laterally weakened, surpassing line of inner eye margin and not merging with striae; internotaular area sculptured at least anteriorly, moderately to densely setose; mesopleural carina incomplete; mesoscutellar setal patch round to triangular; fore wing usually with brown markings in proximal third (may be faint or faded), surpassing apex of metasoma in females.</p> <p> <i>Trichacis tristis</i> is most similar to <i>T. virginiensis</i> Ashmead, 1893 and <i>T. celticola</i> Masner, 1983 in the Nearctic region. <i>Trichacis virginiensis</i> can be separated by the hooked interantennal process, which is simple in <i>T. tristis</i>, and by the strongly transverse head, which is only slightly transverse in <i>T. tristis</i>. <i>Trichacis celticola</i> has short fore wings, not surpassing the apex of the female metasoma, whereas the fore wings in female <i>T. tristis</i> extend well beyond the metasoma.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> <i>Trichacis tristis</i> is widespread in the Palearctic, ranging from Ireland to Japan, north to Scandinavia and south to the Mediterranean Sea.</p> <p> <b>Biological associations.</b> <i>Trichacis tristis</i> is associated with <i>Mayetiola destructor</i> (Say, 1817) and <i>M. avenae</i> (Marchal, 1895), both of which are herbivorous on grain crops and wild grasses (Poaceae). Embryonic and larval development of <i>T. tristis</i> (as <i>T. remulus</i>) were described and illustrated by Marchal (1906).</p> <p> <b>Type material examined.</b> Neotype of <i>Platygaster tristis</i> ♀, <b>GERMANY,</b> original exemplar, NHMW-HYM-0005319 (NHMW). Lectotype of <i>P. didas</i> ♁, <b>UNITED KINGDOM,</b> London, NMINH_2018_11_18; lectotype of <i>P. pisis</i> ♁, London, NMINH _2018_11_24; lectotype of <i>P. remulus</i> ♁, London, NMINH _2018_11_25 (NMINH). Lectotype of <i>T. opaca</i> ♀, <b>SWEDEN,</b> Ringsjön, June, 2856:1-2 (MZLU). Holotype of <i>T. nosferatus</i> ♀, <b>NORWAY,</b> Tofteholmen, 7–31 July 1991, L.O. Hansen (ZMUN). Holotype of <i>T. vitreus</i> ♀, <b>GREECE,</b> Peloponnese, 5km S Monemvasia, 27 November 1983, G. Christensen, ZMUC 00021950 (NHMD). Holotype of <i>T. weiperti</i> ♀, <b>GERMANY,</b> Thuringia, Kyffhäuser, Steinthaleben, mixed oak forest, 230m, 26 June 1998, J. Weipert (NME).</p> <p> <b>Additional material examined.</b> 1 specimen, <b>AFGHANISTAN,</b> Kabul, 9–11 April 1974, J. Papp; 1 specimen, <b>ARMENIA,</b> Tsakhador, 2000 m, 4 June 1980, J. Papp (HNHM). 1 ♀, <b>AUSTRIA,</b> Piesting, C. Tschek (NHMW). 1 ♁, <b>BULGARIA,</b> Kneja, reared from flies on wheat stalks, December 1960, Samfirov; 1 ♁, <b>CROATIA,</b> Laz, 10 June 1974, J. Papp (HNHM). 1 ♁, <b>FRANCE,</b> Meuse, Dompcevrin, 3–4 June 1985, M.J. Gliswit; 1 specimen, Bitche, 21 June 1989, H. Vlug (HVC). 1 ♁, 4 ♀, <b>GERMANY,</b> North Rhine-Westphalia, Nationalpark Eifel, Helingsberg, May–June 2009, J. Esser, SMNS _Hym_Pla_ 000720, 721, 724, 726, 727; 1 ♁, Baden-Württemberg, Rems-Murr-Kreis, Aspach bei Backnang, forest, 15–30 April 2013, Krogmann <i>et al.</i>, SMNS _Hym_Pla_ 000729; 1 ♁, 5 ♀, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rügen Island, Kniepow, 17–23 May 2015, F. Koch, SMNS _Hym_Pla_ 796– 798, 804–806 (SMNS). 1 ♀, <b>GREECE,</b> Macedonia and Thrace Decentralized Administration, Macedonia Central Periphery, Kerkini Lake, 41.2258°N, 23.0845°E, 45m, March–April 2007, G. Ramel, OSUC 413928 (OSUC). 2 ♁, 2 ♀, <b>HUNGARY,</b> Ujszentmargita, 7 May 1975, J. Papp; 2 ♁, 3 ♀, Ujszentmargita, 21–25 April 1975, Hamorine & Marotine; 1 ♁, 1 ♀, Hortobagy, Zam, 16–18 June 1975, Kaszab & Mahunka; 7 ♀, Pécs, 6 May 1955, J.B. Szabó; 2 ♁, Tompa, 12 April 1960, Erdös (HNHM). 1 ♀, <b>IRELAND,</b> Glen of the Downs on Wicklow, 12 July 1983, H. Vlug; 1♀, <b>ITALY,</b> Fusine near Tarvisio, 11 August 1948, H. Vlug (HVC); 1 ♀, E. Graeffe, NHMW-HY ♁0006911 (NHMW). 1 specimen, <b>MONGOLIA,</b> Central Aimak, Ulaanbaatar, Bogd Khan, 1650–1950m, 4 June 1966, Kaszab; 1 ♀, <b>ROMANIA,</b> Transylvania, Homoródkeményfalva, 8 May 1995, I. Rozner (HNHM). 1 ♁, 1 ♀, <b>SWEDEN,</b> Småland, Kronoberg, 4km N Hinnyerd, 56.6497°N, 13.5869°E, 7 July 1994, M. Söderlund, OSUC 45132, 45134 (OSUC). 3 ♀, <b>UNITED KINGDOM,</b> London, NHM Wildlife Garden, meadow, N51°29’45.6” W0°10’42.1 ”, April–May 2013, Sivell <i>et al.</i> (NHMUK).</p> <p> <b>Remarks on intraspecific variation.</b> European authors described <i>T. tristis</i> at least 15 times from England, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Sweden, and Norway (Figs 4A–H).This state of affairs is partially attributable to intraspecific variation, separation based on minute differences, and examination of small series. For example, <i>T. weiperti</i> (Fig. 4H) was treated as new based on antennomere measurements from a single specimen. Viewing angle can greatly influence measurement. Figures 1 A−B illustrate the antenna of the same specimen at different angles, demonstrating the drastic difference. Antennomere measurements should only be taken in lateral view, preferably from antennae that have been removed from the head and mounted on a microscope slide. Antennomeres are also subject to allometric scaling and host-related variation (Johnson <i>et al.</i> 1987). Coloration is similarly unreliable and can vary with host species (Talamas <i>et al.</i> 2021), geographic region (Vlug 1985), or preservation history (Banks 1909). Buhl (1997) diagnosed <i>T. vitreus</i> (Fig. 4F) by its pale wings and legs, which likely faded in color during the 14 years between its collection and description. We have found no support for the description of species based solely on minor differences in coloration or antennomere size.</p> <p> Cuticular sculpture is more useful for diagnosis, although this character is somewhat variable in <i>T. tristis</i>. The frons sometimes exhibits a longitudinal line or thin furrow ventral to the median ocellus as described in <i>T. pulchricornis</i> (Fig. 1E), and the mesopleuron sometimes exhibits very faint striations as described in <i>T. nosferatus</i> (Fig 3E, 4G). However, the mesopleural sculpture of <i>T. tristis</i> is always very smooth in comparison to the conspicuous striation found in <i>T. striata</i> Masner, 1983 (Fig. 4I). It should also be noted that description of new species from singleton specimens in poor condition, such as the holotype of <i>T. nosferatus</i> (Fig. 4G) is a poor choice, as it creates a challenge to observing characters of interest.</p> <p> <b>Remarks on additional synonymies.</b> The Walker species of <i>Trichacis</i> (<i>T. didas, T. pisis,</i> and <i>T. remulus</i>) (Fig. 4C–E) were redescribed, illustrated, and keyed by Vlug (1985). He suspected that they were conspecific, with very slight variation in color and antennomere shape, but cautiously declined to take taxonomic action without examining more material. Similarly, Arnold Förster noted that he thought <i>T. didas, T. pisis,</i> and <i>T. remulus</i> were conspecific with <i>T. tristis</i>, based on original exemplars of these species received from their respective authors (unpublished label data, NHMW). Our morphological assessment of the types confirms the suspicions of both Vlug and Förster.</p> <p> We did not locate the types of <i>T. abdominalis</i> Thomson, 1859 (Ringsjön, Sweden) and <i>T. illusor</i> Kieffer, 1916 (Trieste, Italy). However, the descriptions and geographic localities for both species match the morphology and distribution of <i>T. tristis</i>.</p> <p> <i>Trichacis persicus</i> was described as being similar to <i>T. tristis</i>, but with minor differences in the proportions of the antennomeres. This diagnosis, the photographs provided in the description, and the locality (a wheat-producing region with agricultural fields visible in satellite photos), led us to conclude that <i>T. persicus</i> is a junior synonym of <i>T. tristis</i>.</p> <p> <b> Remarks on the Hungarian species of <i>Trichacis.</i></b> Gusztáv Szelényi worked as a plant protection entomologist in Hungary in the early to mid-20th century. His agricultural research led him to parasitoid taxonomy, including a few descriptions of Platygastridae, one of which was <i>T. pulchricornis</i> Szelényi, 1953. The type of this species was not found in HNHM. However, other material from the type locality, Bátorliget, included no <i>Trichacis</i> species besides the common <i>T. tristis</i>. The description of <i>T. pulchricornis</i> is also consistent with our concept of <i>T. tristis</i>.</p> <p> János Barna Szabó was a prolific self-taught hymenopterist in Hungary in the mid-20th century. His knowledge of Platygastroidea came primarily from one book: <i>Das Tierreich</i> volume 48 by Jean-Jacques Kieffer (1926) (Zoltán Vas, pers. comm.). The resulting taxonomic work therefore had limited perspective. It is clear from examination of Szabó’s platygastrid collection that his generic concepts were sometimes inaccurate. Szabó described eight species of <i>Trichacis</i>, four of which were published in 1977 (<i>T. afurcata, T. hungarica, T. pannonica</i>, and <i>T. tatika</i>). The holotypes of these specimens, along with some other material determined by Szabó as <i>Trichacis</i>, belong to the genus <i>Amblyaspis</i> (Figs 5A–D), into which we now transfer them. It is likely that these are junior synonyms as well, but the chaotic state of species-level taxonomy in <i>Amblyaspis</i> does not allow for more specific determination at present.</p> <p> Based on determination labels in HNHM, it appears that Szabó adopted the prevailing concept of <i>Trichacis</i> sometime after 1977. He published four species of <i>Trichacis</i> from Hortobagy National Park in 1981 (<i>T. bidentiscutum, T. fusciala, T. hajduica</i>, and <i>T. quadriclava</i>). These holotypes were not found in HNHM. However, examination of extensive material from the original collecting events yielded no evidence of any <i>Trichacis</i> species other than <i>T. tristis</i>, which was present in abundance (Figs 5E–G).</p> <p> Furthermore, thorough examination of the platygastrid holdings at HNHM indicates that the <i>Trichacis</i> fauna of Hungary, like the rest of central Europe, includes only one species. We conclude that <i>T. pulchricornis</i>, <i>T. bidentiscutum</i>, <i>T. fusciala</i>, <i>T. hajduica</i>, and <i>T. quadriclava</i> are best treated as junior synonyms of <i>T. tristis</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Awad, Jessica, Krogmann, Lars & Talamas, Elijah, 2023, Illuminating a Dark Taxon: Revision of European Trichacis Förster (Hymenoptera Platygastridae) reveals a glut of synonyms, pp. 563-577 in Zootaxa 5278 (3)</i> on pages 565-572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.8, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7906722">http://zenodo.org/record/7906722</a&gt

    Amblyaspis pannonica Awad & Krogmann & Talamas 2023, comb. nov.

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    Amblyaspis pannonica (Szabó, 1977), comb. nov. (Fig. 5C) Trichacis pannonica Szabó, 1977: 145 Type material examined. Holotype ♀, Kaposvar, September 1940 (HNHM).Published as part of Awad, Jessica, Krogmann, Lars & Talamas, Elijah, 2023, Illuminating a Dark Taxon: Revision of European Trichacis Förster (Hymenoptera Platygastridae) reveals a glut of synonyms, pp. 563-577 in Zootaxa 5278 (3) on page 572, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/790672

    Trichacis Forster 1856

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    Genus <i>Trichacis</i> Förster, 1856 <p> <i>Trichacis</i> Förster, 1856: 108, 115. Type species <i>Platygaster pisis</i> Walker, 1835 by subsequent designation by Ashmead 1893: 294.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Head smooth or finely sculptured with transverse striae above the toruli (Fig. 1E); female with three to five clavomeres (Fig. 2A) as opposed to six in <i>Isocybus</i> (Fig. 2C); OOL less than or equal to LOL (Fig. 1B, E); mesoscutellum with tuft of setae originating in a depression (Fig. 1A).</p>Published as part of <i>Awad, Jessica, Krogmann, Lars & Talamas, Elijah, 2023, Illuminating a Dark Taxon: Revision of European Trichacis Förster (Hymenoptera Platygastridae) reveals a glut of synonyms, pp. 563-577 in Zootaxa 5278 (3)</i> on page 565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.3.8, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7906722">http://zenodo.org/record/7906722</a&gt
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